本文目录
（图片来源网络，侵删）
单机CS的注册码是什么？
cs1.5版通用cd key：3333333333333（输入13个3即可）
>cs1.6版（试试以下任意一组）：
>5ZN2F-C6NTT-ZPBWP-L2DWY-Y4B49
5ZN2F-C6NTT-ZPBWP-L2DWS-Y4B49
5ZN2F-C6NTT-ZPBWP-W2DW3-D4B49
5ZN2F-C6NTT-ZPBWP-W2DW3-C4B49
5ZQ2B-NI239-4F4K7-H9N8Q-VTSYT
5ZQ2A-NI236-4F4K7-H9N8Q-VTSYT
5ZQ2A-NI236-4F4KY-H9N8Q-VTSYT
5RP2E-EPH3K-BR3LG-KMGTE-FN8PY
有qy开的吗？
有这个冠字号的，
大组（1组，组） 第二大组（2组，艺组）
F组 FA FB FC FD FE FF FG FH FI FJ P组 PA PB PC PD PE PF PG PH PI PJ
E组 EA EB EC ED EE EF EG EH EI EJ Z组 ZA ZB ZC ZD ZE ZF ZG ZH ZI ZJ
G组 GA GB GC GD GE GF GG GH GI GJ Q组 QA QB QC QD QE QF QG QH QI QJ
D组 DA DB DC DD DE DF DG DH DI DJ Y组 YA YB YC YD YE YF YG YH YI YJ
H组 HA HB HC HD HE HF HG HH HI HJ R组 RA RB RC RD RE RF RG RH RI RJ
C组 CA CB CC CD CE CF CG CH CI CJ X组 XA XB XC XD XE XF XG XH XI XJ
I组 IA IB IC ID IE IF IG IH II IJ S组 SA SB SC SD SE SF SG SH SI SJ
B组 BA BB BC BD BE BF BG BH BI BJ W组 WA WB WC WD WE WF WG WH WI WJ
J组 JA JC JD JE JF JG JH JI JJ T组 TA TB TC TD TE TF TG TH TI TJ
A组 AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ U组 UA UB UC UD UE UF UG UH UI UJ
>第三大组（3组，驭组） 第四大组（4组，令组）
A组 AP AQ AR AS AT AU AW AX AY AZ P组 PP PQ PR PS PT PU PW PX PY PZ
D组 DP DQ DR DS DT DU DW DX DY DZ S组 SP SQ SR SS ST SU SW SX SY SZ
G组 GP GQ GR GS GT GU GW GX GY GZ W组 WP WQ WR WS WT WU WW WX WY WZ
J组 JP JQ JR JS JT JU JW JX JY JZ Z组 ZP ZQ ZR ZS ZT ZU ZW ZX ZY ZZ
C组 CP CQ CR CS CT CU CW CX CY CZ R组 RP RQ RR RS RT RW RX RY RZ
F组 FP FQ FR FS FT FU FW FX FY FZ U组 UP UQ UR US UT UU UW UX UY UZ
I组 IP IQ IR IT IU IW IX IY IZ Y组 YP YQ YR YS YT YU YW YX YY YZ
B组 BP BQ BR BS BT BU BW BX BY BZ Q组 QP QR QS QT QU QW QX QY QZ
E组 EP EQ ER ES ET EU EW EX EY EZ T组 TP TQ TR TS TT TU TW TX TY TZ
H组 HP HQ HR HS HT HU HW HX HY HZ X组 XP XQ XR XS XT XU XW XX XY XZ
>第五大组（5组，怀组） 第六大组（6组，怀组）
Q组 QK QL QM QN QO K组 KP KQ KR KS KT KU KW KX KY KZ
T组 TK TL TM TN TO N组 NP NQ NR NS NT NU NW NX NY NZ
X组 XK XL XM XN XO L组 LP LQ LR LS LT LU LW LX LY LZ
P组 PK PL PM PN PO O组 OP OQ OR OS OT OU OW OX OY OZ
S组 SK SL SM SN SO M组 MP MQ MR MS MT MU MW MX MY MZ
W组 WK WL WM WN WO
Z组 ZK ZL ZM ZN ZO
R组 RK RL RM RN RO
U组 UK UL UM UN UO
Y组 YK YL YM YN YO
>第七大组（7组，丨组） 第八大组（8组，厷组）
A、B组 AK AL AM AN AO BK BL BM BN BO K组 KA KB KC KD KE KF KG KH KI KJ
C、D组 CK CL CM CN CO DK DL DM DN DO L组 LA LB LC LD LE LF LG LH LI LJ
E、F组 EK EL EM EN EO FK FL FM FN FO M组 MA MB MC MD ME MF MG MH MI MJ
G、H组 GK GL GM GN GO HK HL HM HN HO N组 NA NB NC ND NE NF NG NH NI NJ
I、J组 IK IL IM IN IO JK JL JM JN JO O组 OA OB OC OD OE OF OG OH OI OJ
>第九大组（9组，终组）
K组 KK KL KM KN KO
L组 LK LL LM LN LO
M组 MK ML MM MN MO
N组 NK NL NM NN NO
O组 OK OL OM ON OO
出国留申请流程？
对于很多想要深造提升水的同来说，出国留便是其中一种比较受欢迎的方式，但很多同对于出国留的申请流程并不十分清楚，以至于浪费不少时间和精力，申请效率非常低。今天小编来给大家梳理一遍，看看出国留应该如何准备？
校选择
留市场介绍
随着经济化和教育化时代的到来，我国留服务行业已进入快速发展阶段，每年有太多生选择出国留，已然成为全世界的留人员派遣国。
>各国政策介绍
之下，各国留政策无常。为大家梳理热门留（英/美/澳/加/新加坡）的及政策变化：包括网课、出入境、、录取标准、包机等等丰富内容。不管同们选择什么留，一定要提前了解相关政策。
英国篇
>一、网课
大部分校已经确定开日期：9月中旬——十月初，将使用“混合教方法”，即在线教和面对面教的结合。一般开后lecture（大课）计划通过在线形式进行，tutorial（辅导课）计划通过面授进行。
个别大有不同的措施：
1、利兹大
受影响，可能会做出如下调整：灵活的到达日期；期提供一些线上课程；或者推迟线下教的开日期。
2、爱丁堡大
开时间定在9月21日。官网警告生，预计申请延期的人会很多，所以大会设置名额“”。
二、出入境
受影响，从2020年6月8日起，英国将对入境的公民和来访者实施新的入境规定。规定包括：
1、入境者需要提供其旅行史和。
2、入境之后的前14天内需要在所居住的地方进行自我隔离，除非常特殊的情况下，不得擅自离开隔离场所。
三、录取标准
在英国，超过60所大承认多邻国（Duolingo）成绩（相较雅思而言，多邻国更容易拿到较高的分数）。除此之外，接受雅思拼分、六级成绩、IELTS Indicator的校数量也在持续增加。
要求降低实例：
伦敦经济院：为生暂免GRE和GMAT的成绩要求。
南安普顿大接受Duolingo语言成绩，申请者可以享受10%的考试费用优惠。
越来越多的院校确认语言课采用网课模式，同时也接受非UKVI雅思，PTE，Duolingo考试（如UCL，南安，伯明翰等）甚至是大外英语六级考试（如伯明翰）来配读语言课。
四、
6月22日，英国各个中心，生办理启动。
生：
已经获得Tier 4的，如因影响无法来到英国，将被允许参加远程习，校不需要取消担保。还未申请Tier 4，但已经获得Offer的，若希望参与远程习课程，则无需校发放担保；
7月31日之后过期、因影响不能离境英国的人士，也可以直接在英国境内转换长期，生的申请者无需返所在国申请；
允许已持有Tier 4的留生在家上网课。无论生是在英国还是返其所在上网课，都将不会被视为违反要求。
工作：
PSW2021重磅归，政策放宽、境外习的生也可申请该;只要在2021年4月6日前入境英国并符合条件，均都有资格申请PSW;
自2021年夏天起，作为新“毕业生工作（PSW）举措”的一部分，在英国高校获得博士位的生，毕业后在英国居住和工作的时间从原先的两年延长至三年。
五、费减免
费减免：
据外媒报道，英国约有四分之一的大将提供“奖励”或“津贴”来吸引更多生。
杜伦大：符合条件，在9月份过来，就减免25%费；
符合条件的约克大生，语言课费降低25%；语言课升读到正课的生，正课费减免10%的政策。
六、包机
许多大已经开始计划包机将生运向英国（单独或联合包机）。
这些英国大计划单独包机分别是：伦敦大院、格拉斯哥大、博尔顿大以及赫瑞瓦特大。
西南部九所大联合包机-目前最庞大的英国大联合包机队伍，是由布里斯托大组织的「西南部大联合包机」队伍，参与联合包机的大已经壮大到9所！这些校分别是：巴斯大、布里斯托大、卡迪夫大、卡迪夫城市大、埃克塞特大、普利茅斯大南威尔士大、斯旺西大以及西英格兰大。
英格兰北部九所大联合包机-英格兰北部九所大也正在和海南航空协商在9月和10月提供包机的可能性，这些大分别是：曼彻斯特大、谢菲尔德大、杜伦大、利兹大、兰卡斯特大、约克大、利物浦大、曼彻斯特城市大和索尔福德大。
美国篇
>一、网课
多数高校计划秋季期正常进行。
根据美国高等教育纪事报Chronicle，26%的校尚未决定，24%以网课为主，21%以面授为主，16%的校考虑面授+网课，有4.7%的校计划全部网课，有2.5%的校全部课程面授。
二、出入境
身在美国境内的留生，不能全部选择上网课；
身在美国境外的留生，可以在当地选择上网课；
没有美国返校，但仍上网课的生，生身份仍然有效，只需要在SEV中保持状态；
入如果全部上网课，则不会允许入境。
三、录取标准
由于原因，部分美国大针对SAT/ACT/GRE/GMAT要求作出调整。
实例：
凯斯西储大宣布：针对2021年秋季入的生选择性提交SAT/ACT成绩。MIT也表示对于申请者不再要求提交SAT Subject成绩。
2020年1月份起，加州理工院取消了申请者提交两份SAT科目考试的要求。在申请审核过程中将不考虑这些部分。同时，这项更改对2021年秋季开始申请Caltech课程的生有效。
之下，影响了一批还在刷分的生。针对这样的情况，不少海外大研究生院，也取消了提交GRE/GMAT成绩的要求。如：南加州大、东北大、里海大、迈阿密大等等。
四、
签：
入读2020年秋季的，如果生要去美国以混合模式上课，校可以发放I-20；
如果生要去美国全部线上上课，校不会发放I-20；如果生可以进入美国，可以上一门以上的网课，但是还是要同时有in-person的课程；
一旦生进入美国，开始以混合模式的形式上课，如果之后政策改成全部线上授课，那生依然可以待在美国，并且生身份有效。但是在政策改成全部线上授课之后，就不允许再进入美国了。
已经到达或计划前往美国的生
已经身处美国或计划前往美国的F-1(包括转校生)需要在秋季期向校园报到，并可以参加在线、面对面或混合课程。
需要延后校园的生：多地的美国使领馆重新，开始处理F-1面试等工作。生如果计划在秋季到校，但需要申请延后，请通过电子邮件向校发送您的申请，附上预定的预约日期等信息。
目前最早是明年1月，且有变化；需要延后的：需等待领馆重新后约签顺利方可。
工签：
政策规定：自然科、技术、工程以及数这四类位的外国留生，在申请OPT时，可以将时间延长，由目前的12个月延长至29个月。
OPT由USC审批，是美国发给持F-1生的工作许可证。只要完成一年习的同都可申请，在本科、硕士、博士的每一个历阶段都会有一次申请机会。
H1B：硕士及以上历中签率提高局公告H-1B工作新规，改变申请程序及筛选方法，其中筛选方式自今年4月1日开始实施。
五、费减免
为了帮助更多生秋季期入以及校财政危机，美国一些大利用“减免费”来吸引生。
普林斯顿大：减免所有本科生10%的费，费减免至48，500美元。
乔治华盛顿大：今秋不在校生宿舍的本科都将获得10%的费减免。
威廉姆斯院：将为2020年入的所有生减少15%的“综合费”，包括费和食宿费用。
澳洲篇
>一、网课
大部分校将采用：线上线下结合模式。
墨尔本大：S2开设网课，如果放宽禁令会考虑线下授课。
悉尼大：国内可以网课；入时间或intake：S2 2020开日期将延迟3周，新的开日为Monday24 August并将实施远程在线教
昆士兰大UQ：S2，2020年第2期的Census Date为8月31日,如果生在10月30日之前退，将不会受到任何术惩罚。第二期将于2020年8月3日（周一）开始，将分为三种授课模式：Internal（校内授课）、Flexible（灵活授课）和远程授课（External）。
二、出入境
澳洲目前对非公民和非居民持续关闭边境中。
澳洲公民、居民及其直系亲属（配偶、伴侶、持有伴侣者、受抚养人及法定监护人）仍可入境。
澳洲联邦长透露：正在考虑一项针对留生的特殊豁免政策，计划让留生提前入境澳洲！
三、录取标准
澳洲大部分校（包括八大也在语言成绩上降低录取标准）
墨尔本大：接受duolingo等语言测试：托福，雅思，PTE的有效期延长至3年，暂时接受The TOEFL iBT Special Home Edition version特殊政策：墨大部分院的课程暂时接受5期成绩单申请2020 S2或者2021 S1期入的课程，针对21年入的JD不用考LSAT了,申请JD免费。
悉尼大：接受duolingo等语言测试：临时接受3年内雅思直入；临时认可IELTS Indicator和TOEFL Home Edition考试成绩。
莫纳什大：接受duolingo等语言测试：接受duolinggo考试配直升班语言，不过无法直入免语言，至少配10周MEB。
四、
签：
重新为澳境外所有地方的放。这意味着当边境重开后，生们就将持有有效，且可以立即安排前往澳大利亚习。
如果生曾因原因无法在原有效期内完成业，可以免费再次申请生。
工签：
对于目前在澳大利亚境外通过网课习的生持有者，他们这段时间的习可以纳入申请毕业工作（PSW）时所要求的习时间之内。
曾持有生的毕业生如果因导致无法返澳大利亚，将有资格在境外申请澳大利亚毕业工作。
对于需要提供英语语言成绩的申请者，由于期间相关和服务受到影响，他们提交语言成绩的截止时间将获得宽限。
五、费减免&包机
费减免：
墨尔本大：校补贴：根据生情况每人补助7500澳币,8.31之前申请补助。
悉尼大：校补贴：根据生情况有2000-4000澳币的费用返还：在网上完成一期课程的生可获4,000澳元的费折扣；延期或停至下期的生可获3,000澳元的费折扣。
包机：
根据堪培拉大（UC）官微消息，6月18日，该大联合澳大利亚国立大组织了一次生返澳试点计划，通过2架包机将700名留生接当地校习。
悉尼、墨尔本和布里斯本的大也就“生”返计划与进行协商。
加拿大篇
>一、网课
大部分大会采用线上线下课程结合模式。
多伦多大：9月开政策将保持不变。计划将较小的校园课程、研讨会、实验室面授课程与较大的在线远程课程以及讲座结合在一起。
不列颠哥伦比亚大：2020年秋季正常开，生数量多的课堂将通过在线方式教，小一些的课堂会根据隔离法规进行面授。
维多利亚大：维多利亚大决定将把2020秋季期的绝大多数课程放在线上。
二、出入境
加拿大局（IRCC）发布了一条关于留生的旅行禁令。不满足以下两个条件的留生将无法入境加拿大。
在3月18日边境禁令颁布前获得IRCC的发放的习许可证（study permit）
证明旅行目的“不是随意的/没有选择的”（non-discretionary or non-optional）
在3月18日之后获得“生允许”的生必须遵循加拿大颁布的旅行禁令。这些生将不被允许以旅行或其他原因入境加拿大，直至禁令被取消。
三、
签：
为了让在加拿大境外上网课的留生尽快获得入资格，加拿大部（IRCC）于7月14日宣布了3项有关签（study-permit）申请的临时新措施：
为提交完整签申请（即已经提交所有所需材料）的生提供优先处理，以保证尽快获批;
实施临时的两个阶段签审批程序，为无法提交所有的所需文件并选择远程习的留生提供入保障。阶段：提交签申请，表明已被加拿大认可的习录取以及提供资金证明等，生将收到阶段批准的通知。第二阶段：满足所有的条件后（包括提交必要的文件，例如指纹采集，检和无犯罪证明），生将获得最终批准。
如果生已提交签申请，则在等待签审批以及海外上网课的时间都可以计入获得毕业后工作许可（post-graduation work permit）的资格。前提条件是生最终必须获得有效签，并且保证有50%的课程在加拿大完成。
工签：
在今年秋季期入的留生，可以在9月通过加拿大指定教育习在线课程，只要在2020年12月31日前返加拿大，并继续完成剩余的为期至少2年的课程，仍然有资格获得最多3年的毕业工签。
新加坡篇
>一、网课
新加坡国立大文暨社会科院（FASS）发布邮件，告知生2020年期课程模式为授课，生可自行选择在自己或者来新加坡上网课。本课程所有单元都以研讨课形式进行，并不加以拆分成大班讲堂课和小班辅导课。每班人数一般不超过三十人。
南洋理工：6月2日起将恢复部分课程的线下授课！今年8月正常开！所有lecture大课的讲座将在线上进行，生预计将以不超过30人小组的形式到校参加面对面的tutorial答疑和实验室课程
二、出入境
目前，新加坡正逐步重新边境，在可控范围内准许一定数量的访客入境进行旅行，并施行必要的保障措施，确保公共卫生。
声明指出：所有入境访客，包括新加坡公民、居民和长期准证持有者(长期准证包括工作准证，生准证、眷属准证、长期探访准证及已获得IPA长期原则批准。)在入境后须在隔离设施区域执行14天居家通知。自2020年6月17日晚11点59分起，所有入境访客在结束14天居家通知前须接受冠病检测。
自2020年6月17日起所有从澳大利亚、文莱、地区、日本、澳门、、新西兰、韩国、地区和越南入境，且入境前14天只造访过上述及地区的访客，无须在隔离设施区域执行14天居家通知。
三、
新加坡大毕业有工作，如果是大本科毕业以上历的生，可以直接申请就业准证(EP)，要求申请人历要本科以上。
新加坡大大毕业后可以在新加坡找一份工作，如果被本地公司录用，就可以去局申请就业准证(EP)。获得就业准证的生在新加坡工作半年之后，可向局递交居民申请，批准后成为居民(PR)。
历术要求
1、语言要求
去美国、英国、澳洲、加拿大、新加坡这些热门留，需要提供托福或；如英国，申请本科雅思总分必须在6.0以上，申请研究生需要达到6.5分以上，部分热门要求达到7.0。
2、年龄要求
出国留，留生年龄必须在18周岁以上，35周岁以下。
3、术要求
申请本科必须具备高中历，并且提供高中三年的成绩单，均分需要在80分以上；申请研究生必须是国内全日制本科毕业生，并且拥有士位证，本科4年和最后两年的成绩也必须在80分以上，部分要求达到85分以上。
4、其他条件
出国读书，生身素质要好，必须符合招生单位给出的检要求，不得具有传染病以及精神病。
>热门留院校
校选择
留院校和选择是出国留比较重要的点，两者必须兼顾，才不会有遗憾。
选择原则：
1、公立院校
不管是传统的留热门，还是近几年留新宠，这些的高等教育都有公立和私立之分。公立大的优势是财政扶持，费低，师资好，教质量高;私立大自主性强，生有多种途径可以入，但费相对较高，尤其是英美私立名校，一年留费用大概50万元左右。所以，出国留选择公里大更高。
>2、看
选校最关键是看，这关系到未来的求职深造，远比校的名气重要。国外对名校的概念比淡薄，英国和其他西方更看重。
所以，生可根据自身条件挑出综合排名和排名俱佳的校作为类；排名较高，综合排名不高的作为第二类；综合排名较高排名不高的作为第三类；剩余为次选。这样分档次共选择5～6所，保证自己稳中求胜。
>3、看排名
现在比较认可的世界大排名有两个，一是泰晤士世界大排名，二是QS世界的大排名，对比这两个世界大排行榜，你会发现一些院校排名差距很大，原因是两个排名在校综合评分上的依据不同，泰晤士世界大排名更看重校的术能力，比较适合看重校教质量，QS世界大排名更偏重于毕业后就业率高的院校，可作为重视就业方面生择校参考。
>>4、看本土、生数量
校留生占比高，证明该校比较受世界各国生认可，但是如果该校生数量比较多，那么不要选，因为在留生多的大留，与在国内上大没有什么区别，已经失去出国留的实际意义。
下图为剑桥大留生人数：
>5、看地域
每个的大都是、文化、经济中心地区的教育比较好，但是留花费也非常高，经济条件有限的生，需要结合留各个城市消费，选择更适合自己的大留。
6、看企业对毕业生的欢迎程度
这个要结合，一般企业都比较喜欢从领域的院校招生，比如：科技公司，更喜欢美国计算机领域的院校——麻省理工、斯坦福、哈佛、加州理工、卡内基梅隆大、密歇根大、佐治亚理工等。排名越高的大，其毕业生越受相应企业欢迎。
下图为苹果在美国院校情况：
>>大热门留及排名院校
TOP10 工程与技术Engineering and technology
工程技术是指工程实用技术，也就是在工业生产中实际应用的技术。
留院校：
>TOP9 计算机科与信息Computer science and rmation
计算机科与信息是培养计算机科技术能力，能够掌握信息分析与信息管理等方面的能力。
留院校：
>>TOP8 商业与管理研究Business and Management Studies
商业与管理类主要是服务与企业管理方面的应用型商业人才，也属于是商科中的骨干类。
留院校：
>TOP7 医Medicine
医主要是指各种或病变的一种科，促进病患恢复健康的一种。
留院校：
>>TOP6 经济与计量经济Econometrics
经济与计量经济是指通过建立经济计量模型，从而定量分析研究具有随机性特性的经济变量关系的一门经济科。
留院校：
>>TOP5 法律Law
法律每年都是大热，主要是为了输送法律行业人才。
留院校：
>>TOP4 艺术与人文Arts and Humanities
艺术与人文跨科主要是指研究诸人文科和社会科各领域、文化差异特点。
留院校：
>>TOP3 建筑Architecture
建筑是指研究环境及建筑的科，同样也是建筑与人文艺术的科。
留院校：
>>TO2 机械、航空与制造工程Mechanical,Aeronautical & Manufacturing Engineering
机械、航空与制造工程是指培养航空方面运营、规划管理、飞机维修管理、研发制造等人才。
留院校：
>>TOP1 会计与金融
会计与金融主要培养有关证券、金融、保险、投行等相关人才。
留院校：
>留费用评估
出国留去不同的和城市，花费的费用也有所不同，一定要根据自身家庭的经济状况能否负担得起这笔巨额费用，可以的话再做具算。在这里列举一下几个热门留费用，供大家参考。
一、美国
疑问，留费用的就是美国了。
（1）制：美国本科一般为4年制，硕士一般为2年制；
（2）费：私立大要比公立大稍贵一些，私立大每年费30-35w，公立大25w左右！当然，科不同费用也有所不同，比如商科类，大概需要30万左右。
（3）生活费：如果是在纽约、洛杉矶、波士顿这种的城市，开销是比较大的，房租加上生活费每年大概需要15万左右。
这样算下来，在美国，四年本科大概需要200万左右，两年硕士大概需要100万！
二、英国
（1）制：英国本科一般为3年制，硕士一般为1年制；
（2）费：本科每年费20万左右，硕士比本科要贵，每年30w左右；
（3）生活费：伦敦地区和非伦敦地区差异较大，物价比较高，一般在15-25万左右。
虽然费偏贵，但是英国的优势就是制短，不管本科还是硕士，都比标准少一年，这样算下来，就是三年本科大概需要120w，一年制硕士大概需50w左右。
三、加拿大、澳大利亚
加拿大和澳大利亚是很多生留的，工作机会也相对较多。
（1）制：澳加本科一般为3年制，加拿大硕士一般为2年制，澳大利亚1-3年；
（2）费：本科每年费20万左右，硕士每年25w左右；
（3）生活费：每年在10-15万左右
这样算下来，在澳加，本科大概需要100万左右，硕士大概需要80万左右！
四、新加坡
新加坡可以说是留的了！
新加坡的校虽然不如一些欧美的大建校历史悠久，但是新加坡大的科研术水非常高，是亚洲重要的金融、贸易中心之一。
（1）制：新加坡本科一般为3年制，硕士一般为1年制，与英国相同；
（2）费：这里以新加坡本科直通车项目及一年制专升硕项目为例：
本科每年费8万左右，一年制硕士20万左右；
（3）生活费：在很多人心目中，新加坡是个发达，物价相对较高。但事实上，几乎所有关乎民生的方面，小到菜品、服装，大到房租及购房，在发达中来说是的亚洲发达之一。每年生活费大概需要5万左右；
这样算下来，在新加坡，3年本科大概需要40万左右，1年硕士大概需要25万左右！这要比欧美少30%左右。
>>留办理流程
办理
办理
>只要是公民，在国内申请普通（自费出国留应该申请普通），应当由本人向其户籍所在地县级以上地方出入境管理提出，并提交下列真实有效的材料：
（一）近期免冠照片一张以及填写完整的《公民因私出国（境）申请表》；
（二）居民和户口簿及复印件；在居民领取、换领、补领期间，可以提交临时居民和户口簿及复印件；
（三）未满十六周岁的公民，应当由其监护人陪同，并提交其监护人出具的同意出境的意见、监护人的居民或者户口簿、及复印件；
（四）工作人员应当按照有关规定，提交本人所属工作单位或者上级主管单位按照人事管理权限审批后出具的同意出境的证明；
（五）省级地方出入境管理报经部出入境管理批准，要求提交的其他材料。
现役军人申请普通，按照管理权限履行报批续后，由本人向所属部队驻地县级以上地方出入境管理提出。
而常住在国外的公民办理普通换发或补发等业务，应当由本人（未满十六周岁的公民，应当由其监护人陪同）向负责其所在领区的驻外使、领馆提交申请。
根据办理的业务种类，提交相应真实有效的材料。
办理出国留
不同，留的办理流程不一样，简单列举一下几个热门的留办理，供同们参考。
一、英国
>申请时间：
英国留也不是随便就能办的，必须先拿到校发的CAS之后才能申请。一般情况下，CAS最早会在开前6个月发出，但是能办最早的时间是开课前3个月。如果顺利的话，一个月之内就能收到了。
根据往年的经验，在读生如果需要读语言课的话，办理的时间在5、6月份，办正课的时间是7、8月份。对于不需要上语言课的生，只要在符合要求的开课前三个月递签就可以。
申请要求：
英国预科留要求完成高二、高三课程，均分80%及以上，雅思5.0及以上;本科留要求A-level达到ABB-A*A*A，接受分申请的要求总分75%-85%及以上，雅思6.0-6.5及以上;研究生留要求获得相关科士位，均分75%-80%及以上，雅思6.5及以上。
申请：
英国在国内几个主要的大城市均设立了申请中心，目前有、武汉、上海、杭州、南京、广州、深圳等城市，准备去英国留的同可以先地图查看一下哪家申请中心距离比较近，然后再进行预约申请。
1、中心(接受预约递交申请)
：市东城区东水井胡同5号，Inn，2号楼B座，9层A区，A901至919室
邮政编码：100010
办公时间：08:00—15:00
2、武汉中心(接受预约递交申请)
：湖北省武汉市武昌区中北路171号汉街总部c栋302
邮政编码：430071
办公时间：08:00—15:00
3、沈阳中心(接受预约递交申请)
：辽宁省沈阳市沈河区北站路61号财富中心A座4层
邮政编码：110013
办公时间：08:00—15:00
4、重庆中心(接受预约递交申请)
：重庆市渝中区民生路235号海航保利大厦33-B
邮政编码：400010
办公时间：08:00—15:00
5、成都中心(接受预约递交申请)
：成都市武侯区南路四段11号附15号2楼2-1室
邮政编码：610042
办公时间：08:00—15:00
6、上海中心(接受预约递交申请)
：上海市黄浦区四川中路213号久事商务大厦2层
邮政编码：200002
办公时间：08:00—15:00
7、杭州中心(接受预约递交申请)
：杭州市江干区钱江路1366号华润大厦A座7楼
邮政编码：310016
办公时间：08:00—15:00
8、南京中心(接受预约递交申请)
：江苏省南京市建邺区庐山路188号新地中心5层
邮政编码：210019
办公时间：08:00—15:00
9、广州中心(接受预约递交申请)
：广州市天河区育西路189号城建广场215室
邮政编码：510620
办公时间：08:00—15:00
10、深圳中心(接受预约递交申请)
：深圳福田区福华一路大中华交易广场北门西区25F-11室
邮政编码：518048
办公时间：08:00—15:00
11、福州中心(接受预约递交申请)
：福州市鼓楼区古田支路60号福晟财富中心15层
邮政编码：350000
办公时间：08:00—15:00
12、济南中心(接受预约递交申请)
：山东省济南市历下区泺源大街22号中银大厦18层
邮政编码：012
办公时间：08:00—15:00
13、西安中心(接受预约递交申请)
：陕西省西安高新区沣惠南路与科技六路交汇处摩尔中心A座1103
邮政编码：710000
办公时间：08:00—15:00
14、昆明中心(接受预约递交申请)
：云南省昆明市路1079号欣都龙城5栋1502B
邮政编码：650000
办公时间：08:00—15:00
15、长沙中心(接受预约递交申请)
：湖南省长沙市天心区湘府中路258号鑫远白天鹅酒店二层1-3号会议室
邮政编码：410000
办公时间：08:00—15:00
准备材料：
1、检查所需材料是否齐全，包括：三份申请表(必须签字)、(末页签字)、CASStatement、CAS上所列材料、资金证明、其他材料、还有费用。
2、所有需提交的原件必须有复印件一份，若是中文原件，而需另备翻译件一份。
3、需要照片一张，要求是6个月以内的近照。
办理流程：
1、选择中心：
有很多的生主要按照本人的户口所在地就近选择大使馆。
2、检查资料：
生在办理之前需要检查好各项所需材料，主要包括申请表格，，资金证明，还有其他一些材料。
3、排队办理：
同们来到相应的办理地之后，需要去取号，这个时候大家一定要注意生属于其他。
4、审核材料：
在被叫到号的时候，同就需要去相应的窗口递交自己的材料，如果审核何的问题，只需要等待结果就可以。
5、付款：
接下来同就需要去缴费窗口缴纳办理的费用。
6、查询进度：
通常情况下，办理大约会在一个月之内就会出结果，建议大家通过官方查询的进度情况。
7、采集指纹并且上交材料：
这个过程其实是非常简单的，在采集指纹之前，需要拍一张数码照片，然后进行指纹的采集。
采集完指纹之后，需要拿着指纹的收据递交材料，递交完材料之后，整个的流程就顺利完成。
二、美国
>申请时间：
1、生可以在开前四个月申请。
根据美国大使馆的规定，生可以在开前四个月内申请。如果条件允许，建议生提前准备。对于已经向美国大申请入通知书的生来说，申请的时间越早，获得的概率越高。
2、4月至6月是申请习的好时机。
每年7月至8月在美国习的率低于4月至6月。主要原因是，由于4月至6月在美国习的生人数较少，在美国习的时间主要集中在办理旅行、探亲和商务上。因此，4月到6月是办理留的好时机。
3、一般来说，提前2个月是申请留的时间安排
申请留的时间取决于你自己的时间安排。对于美国，通常提前2个月左右申请是合适的，但最多只能提前4个月，因此生可以根据自己的情况选择合适的时间。
申请条件：
去美国留首先有术要求，去美国读本科，要求高中毕业，GPA80以上；申请硕士要求本科毕业，有士位证，GPA3.5~3.8；与此同时，读硕士还要具备一定的科研水，比如参加与申请相关的研究项目，在术期刊上发表。
语言要求，本科阶段要求托福成绩不低于75，有些校和要求达到100分以上；研究生阶段要求申请者托福成绩不低于80分。需提供在读证明或历证明，语言成绩单，在校成绩，个人陈述，个人简历，推荐信以及存款证明等。
申请：
留美必须在美国大使馆办理，可以选择离自己最近的大使馆办理。美国驻华大使馆如下：
1、美国驻华大使馆()
面谈在两个地点进行，请查看预约信，确定您的面谈地点。
新馆：安家楼路55号，邮编：100600。
日坛分部：建外秀水东街2号，邮编：100600。
2、美国驻华总领事馆(成都)四川成都领事馆路4号，邮编：610041
3、美国驻华总领事馆(广州)广州市天河区珠江新城华夏路,(靠近地铁3号线或5号线珠江新城站B1出口)
4、美国驻华总领事馆(上海)上海南京西路1038号梅龙镇广场8楼，邮编：200041
5、美国驻华总领事馆(沈阳)沈阳和区十四纬路52号，邮编：110003
准备材料：
1、基础材料
申请赴美留所需材料的表格、相关证明、（最后一页签名）、中信银行付款单、美国校录取通知书（可携带多份，最后决定去的将放在最上面）、账簿或家庭关系公证书、家庭照片、中信银行费支付收据、SEV费用支付文件、I20表、一张照片（6个月内拍摄的2英寸x 2英寸方形彩色正面照片，白色背景。照片必须符合基本要求，否则申请将不予受理）。
2、 DS-160
DS-160确认页：从2010年3月1日起，所有非申请人必须在线填写表DS-160。DS-160是英文的，但大多数栏目都有中文翻译。要使用中文翻译，您可以在页面右上角的“选择工具提示语言”列中从“英文”更改为“中文”。将光标移动到英文文本上，中文翻译将自动弹出。除了申请人的全名必须用中文填写外，所有问题的答案必须用英文填写。
3、习证明材料
习证明（中文和英文）+生证原件、成绩单（中文和英文）、位证书（中文和英文），书（中英文），成绩单+位证书+书（中英文校正式盖章版），习计划和国计划，简历，G/T成绩单，获奖证书和作品（艺术作品所需）。
4、家庭相关证书
父母担保书（英文+父母签名）、父母工作收入证明（正式中英文版本）、工作许可证、，您有/出国证明、银行存折/公司证明（如需）、银行存折/留证明，基金/票证书、房地产（红皮书）、汽车财产（绿皮书）/。
办理流程：
1、拿到I-20表格
I-20表格是跟着校的录取通知书一起寄给生的，拿到I-20表格之后先不要着急进行下一步，先要检查一下你的I-20表格中的信息是否准确，是否有错误。
2、缴纳SEV费用
SEV是美国交流访问人员信息管理，去美国留的生需要交SEV数据库管理费，目前是350美元每人，交完SEV费之后要记得一定要保留缴费收据。
3、准备申请材料
拿到I-20之后就可以开始准备美国留办理所需要的材料了，美国办理所需要的材料有：I-20表、SEV费用缴纳收据、、2寸白底照片、校录取offer、明或在读证明、在校成绩单、语言成绩单、习计划或工作计划、存款证明、父母收入证明、推荐信、出生证明等材料。
4、在美国驻华大使馆官网上注册
美国留是通过在线申请的，需要进入美国驻大使馆的官网，进行注册，然后在官网上找到申请。
5、提交申请DS-160表格
DS-160表也就是申请表，根据上面的要求在线填写相关信息，要注意的是在填写申请表的时候是一次性填写完毕，因为在填写申请表的过程中，一旦未作时间超过20分钟，申请流程将自动被终止。不过在申请表上会有一个十位的ID号码，记住这个号码，浏览器关闭之后可以凭借这个ID 继续申请，否则就要重开始申请。
6、缴纳申请费
填写完申请表之后，下一步我们要做的就是缴纳申请费，现在申请美国留可以在网上直接用支付，方便了很多，缴费成功之后会生成缴费凭据，需要保留。
7、预约面签
交完申请费之后，就可以进行预约面签了，具能预约到什么时候的面签，要看申请的人数，在申请高峰期的时候，可能需要等待几天。
8、去大使馆面签
根据预约的时间到大使馆进行面签，面签时一定不能迟到，能够早一点过去，面签的时候要携带好上面所说的材料，对官问的问题要如实、清晰的进行答。
9、下签
面签结束之后一般在3-7个工作日就会出结果，拿到。
三、澳洲
>申请时间：
澳洲局官方建议所有申请者提前12个星期递交材料，6-8个星期是审理周期。千万不要卡着-8星期的时间办理，因为还要考虑到官的工作周期。如果不幸恰逢审理高峰期，或者遇到使馆对递交的材料进行内部评审或调查，官休假等各种因素，很有可能周期就会变长，需要2个多月，甚至更长。
一般7月入的生，5月办理；而2月入的为12月份办理。给生家长们留下足够多的时间，应对可能遇到的突发状况。
如果官遇到休假、调换工作或者我们最不愿意看到的放法定假日，那么整个申请都会缓慢下来。所以，建议大家提前半年准备材料，距离开3个月就尽早递交申请。如果走电子签，要你的经济情况简单，经济来源复杂的，建议走普签比较稳当
申请条件：
1、历条件:一般是国内中生申请澳洲高中留、高中生申请本科留、本科申请研究生留。
2、语言条件:一般来说申请澳洲中留雅思总分需要在4.0分以上;申请大本科雅思总分至少要在6.0分;申请澳洲大的研究生需要不低于6.5分。
3、成绩条件:一般申请澳洲高中留，时成绩需要在75分以上;申请澳洲大本科，时成绩需要在70分以
申请：
计划到澳洲留的生需要去澳大利亚驻华大使馆中心办理。如下：
1、澳大利亚驻大使馆
：市东直门外大街21号，邮编：100600
电话：010-51404111
传真：010-51404162（处）；51404292（领事和行政处）；51404230（和文化处）
使馆办公时间：周一至周五9:00～17:00
领事服务：周一至周五8:30～17:00
处窗口对外时间：
周一至周五9:00～12:00（对个人）；周一、二、四、五14:00～16:00（对专员）
领事区域：市、天津市、河北省。
2、澳大利亚驻领事馆
澳大利亚驻上海总领事馆
：上海市南京西路1168号中信泰富广场22楼，邮编：200041
领事事务和问询电话：021-22155200
传真：021-22155305
处：上海市南京路1376号上海商城401室，邮编"200040
电话：021-62798098
传真：021-62798022
Email问讯服务：immigration.shanghai@dfat.gov.au
处电话问讯服务：周一至周五9:00～12:00，13:30～16:30
处柜台对外接待：周一至周五8:30～12:00，13:30～15:30
领事区域：上海市、江苏省、安徽省、浙江省、江西省、湖北省、
3、澳大利亚驻广州总领事馆
：广东省广州市珠江新城临江大道3号发展中心12楼，邮编：510623
电话：020-38140111
传真：020-38140112
电子邮件：guangzhou.consular@dfat.gov.au
及事务办公室：
广东省广州市珠江新城临江大道3号发展中心11楼，邮编：510623
电话：020-38140
传真：020-38140251
电子邮箱：visaenquiries.guangzhou@dfat.gov.au
办公时间：
澳大利亚总领事馆办公室：8:30～17:00
澳大利亚公民事务及办公室：8:30～17:00
认证服务对外工作时间：周一至周五15:00～16:00
服务对外工作时间：周一至周五9:00～12:00
澳大利亚及事务部
递交：8:30～12:00（星期一至星期五,发展中心11楼）
贴签：10:00～11:00（星期一至星期五,发展中心12楼）
电话咨询：14:00～16:30（星期一、二、四、五,逢星期三没有电话咨询服务）
领事区域：广东省、福建省、湖南省、广西、云南省、海南省、贵州省
4、澳大利亚驻总领事馆
：湾仔港湾道25号海港中心23楼
电话：+852-28278881
传真：+852-25854457
电子邮箱：enquiries.hongkong@dfat.gov.au
及领事服务（23楼）
办公时间：周一至周五9:00～17:00
提交：9:00～16:00
见证文件服务，逢周三9:00～13:00
电话：+852-25854146
传真：+852-25854461
电子邮箱：consular.hkng@dfat.gov.au
及（24楼）
办公时间：周一至周五8:30～12:30
电话：+852-25854139（周一至周五14:00～16:00）
传真：+852-25854459
电子邮箱：immigration.hongkong@dfat.gov.au
领事区域：、澳门
准备材料：
1、二寸照片：需附上二寸照片一张（点击一览照片要求），填写157w表时每一项均须如实填写，即使跟你无关，也请填写n/a（notapplicable）；
2、评审表格：完整填妥的补充评审表格；
3、证书和成绩单：反映你历的证书和成绩单，如果你就读的校无法提供英文证书和成绩单时，你需要将成绩单及证书拿到翻译公司翻译或去公证处翻译、公证；
4、家庭成员表：完整填妥的家庭成员表；
5、在读的证明：目前在读的证明（英文）：可以向在读校，但是需要注意的是，校出具的证明上要包括姓名、出生日期、担任何职务、负责人签名、签发日期等；
6、户口本：户口本（中英文各一份）：由于户籍单位一般无法提供英文版本的户口证明，所以你将其送到公证处翻译、公证；
7、经济担保、财力证明；
8、个人简历或习计划：个人简历或习计划（英文）：表示，个人简历并没有字数上的，但是不可无重点地叙述。不妨写成自传的形式，首先可简单地自我介绍，毕业后至今都在做什么，为何选择赴澳留及未来的读书计划，如果曾经获得某种荣誉或有特殊事情需要说明，也可一并写上；
9、检报告：检报告及x光胸片；
10、入通知：澳大利亚校入通知。
办理流程：
1、准备好留所需材料
首先同们需要前往DIBP网站查看生材料核对表，将需要准备的材料都仔细筹备好，具包括——申请表、、户口本、、出生公证原件、在读证明或、COE、校录取通知、GTE、OSHC保险凭证、存款证明、经济担保信、在职人员还要提交工作简历和工作证明等。
2、提交留材料
从2016年7月1日起，所有的赴澳生申请必须通过和边境保卫部(DIBP)的ImmiAccount在线递交。申请费可通过个人支付，不过只能通过澳币支付。
3、等待受理
同们在递交申请后要自行印检表格，并到指定的医院检。检为3-5个工作日左右，检医院会自行上传生的检报告给澳使馆。
4、等待评估结果
以上流程顺利结束后只需要耐心等待使馆发放预评估通过通知，一般需要等待1-2个月左右。为了缩短审批时间，同们在申请递交时一定要附上所有所需文件，如果未能提交所有文件，很可能会导致审批延迟或拒签。
5、收到通知书
等到使馆正式发来通过通知书，即VAGRANTNOT。
四、加拿大
>申请时间：
1、加拿大留申请的时间会比较长，大约在2~3个月才出签。
2、申请者如果准备的材料齐全，中心的审理时间是1~3个月。
3、准备材料比较好的申请者可以在1-2个月可以出签。
4、如果说申请者的英语能力比较好，并且符合相关条件，就可以走s ds的话或者sp p计划，前者最快3~4周可以出签，后者只需要两周出签。
申请条件：
1、身份健康、品行优良。有的校要求申请者提供本人居住地出其的品德证明。
2、足够的经费。留生必须有可靠的经济来源，凡由亲友提供资助者，必须担保人有能力提供资助的公证书，资助金额需银行证明，由单位或负责资助者，需提供证明，获加拿大奖金者需提供奖金提供单位的证明。
3、位历证书和资格证明，以及大期间的成绩单。
4、英语、法语水。
申请：
加拿大驻华大使馆
1、加拿大驻华大使馆
：市朝阳区东直门外大街19号
电话：010-51394000
传真：010-51394449
：://canadainternational.gc.ca/china-chine/index.aspxlang=zh-cn&view=d
电子邮件:beijing-immigration@international.gc.ca
2、加拿大驻上海总领事馆
：上海市南京西路1788号大厦8楼
领区：上海、浙江、江苏、安徽
电话:021-32792844
传真:021-32792892
电子邮件:shanghai-im-enquiry@international.gc.ca 3、加拿大驻广州总领事馆
：广州市流花路大酒店商业大厦801室
领区：广东、广西、福建、海南
电话:020-86116100
传真:020-86116196
电子邮件：ganzug@international.gc.ca
4、加拿大驻重庆总领事馆
：重庆市渝中区五一路大都会商厦17楼
领区：重庆、四川、贵州、云南
电话：023-6373800
传真：023-63738026
电子邮件:chonq@international.gc.ca
5、申请中心
：市东城区东直门南大街11号中汇广场A座12层
邮编：100007
电话：010-57636878
：
电子邮件：pek.cacn@vfshelpline
6、上海申请中心
：上海市徐家汇路555号2楼广东发展银行大厦
邮编：200023
电话：021-63901830,021-63901221
电子邮件:sha.cacn@vfshelpline
7、广州申请中心
：广州市天河区育西路189号城建大厦3楼351室
邮编：510620
电话：020-38898475,020-38898476
电子邮件:can.cacn@vfshelpline
8、重庆申请中心
：重庆市渝中区青年路77号J.W万豪酒店国贸中心3楼3U-6
邮编：400010
电话：023-63721388
电子邮件:pek.cacn@vfshelpline
准备材料：
1、入加生申请2份（本人填写）。
2、家属表1份。
3、父母表1份（须有父母签字）。
4、家庭成员教育和就业细节表1份。
5、生申请KIT-SUPPLEMENT#1财务概述1份。
6、生申请KIT-SUPPLEMENT#2调查表1份。
7、入通知书原件及复印件。
8、加拿大校发出的申请人费收讫凭证。
9、原件或复印件。
10、复印件4份。
11、最近六个月的2寸照片4张。
办理流程：
步：准备好本站列出的加拿大留所需材料清单。
第二步：到就近的加拿大中心递交申请，不需要预约，也不需要面试。
第三步：交费，等待结果。
目前留的审理周期一般为2-3个月，在中心柜台提交申请，申请受理费只接受现金付款，请根据您的类别，准备相应的现金申请受理费用。
五、新加坡
>申请时间：
新加坡留一般需要6周至8周左右的时间，一般情况下，越早申请，效率也就越高，出结果就会越快，毕竟此时的申请者还不是那么多。最快的录取是周五发出申请，下周一就拿到录取通知，两天的时间，当然也有慢的，最慢需要两个月的时间。
申请要求：
1、申请者首先必须被一所合法的新加坡校录取才能开始全日制课程的习
2、申请者须有足够的资金来支付费与生活费用，并提交相关证明文件
3、申请必须有一位当地担保人。当地担保人必须是年满21岁的新加坡公民或居民或者是申请者所报读的校。
4、生准证的申请必须在课程开始日期之前的2-6个月之间递交
申请：
生拿到校的offer后，需要向新加坡局（ICA）提交是生准证申请。生准证获批后，ICA会出具In-Principle Approval (IPA) letter给到生，生用IPA和入境新加坡。IPA Letter并不是生准证，只能用于入境新加坡，不能重复使用IPA Letter入境。
生新加坡后，需要带齐相关材料，预约到ICA换取生准证。这个SP是多次往返的长期居留证。凭这个生准证，申请者可以在新加坡留期间出入新加坡并且不需要另外的。
准备材料：
1、2寸型照片6张；
2、填写完整的英文入申请表（注明选择的课程项目代码和名称）；
3、申请人的出生公证书原件1份，复印件2份；申请人的户口薄单页及申请人（如果有）复印件各2份；
4、申请人的历或者在读证明公证书原件1份，复印件2份；
5、申请人的历或者在读成绩单公证书原件1份，复印件2份；
6、16万以上的至少6个月定期存款的银行存款证明公证书；除9-A公证的存款之外的其他银行存款单，银行存折薄（如有）；
7、申请人的首页复印件2份；
8、如果申请人已经有工作，需要提供：
申请人的工作证明STATEMENT和由单位开具的工作证明信复印件3份（写明性别，出生日期，在该单位工作起始时间及目前任职）；
申请人的商业注册证明（营业执照）复印件3份（如果是自雇人士）；
申请人近三个月的月工资记录，原件1份，复印件2份（提供工资条即可，但需要单位盖章，如果没有工资条， 提供工资明细表也可以）；
9、如果申请人已经结婚需提供：
申请人配偶的工作证明STATEMENT和由单位开具的工作证明信复印件3份（写明性别，出生日期，在该单位工作起始时间及目前任职）；
申请人配偶的商业注册证明（营业执照）复印件3份（如果是自雇人士）；
申请人配偶近3个月的月工资记录原件一份，复印件2份（提供工资条即可，但需要单位盖章，如果没有工资条，提供工资明细表也可以）。
办理流程：
步：申请人在申请新加坡之前需要先向新加坡领取入表格。
若想进入新加坡的院校，则需要通过。考试分为。通过后，生会得到，允许他们。相反，他们只能申请其他类型的院校。通过生申请过，校会在证明信上注明生的入。
第二步：申请人参加在新加坡举行的资格考试，考试形式分为英语、数和中文三门。通过资格考试的生将获得颁发的证明信，并能进入的政。而未通过的生可以选择性的选取其他院校。
第三步：生申请成功的院校将会在证明信填写生的入通知或水测试成绩，并寄新加坡。
第四步：新加坡接受到院校的证明信后，将会向准留出关于缴纳教育基金的通知。准留生在规定的时间内缴纳金额，就能得到院校的录取通知书。最终凭借录取通知书，与新加坡国民与登记局办理申请生证的续。
第五步：准生在到新加坡一个月内必须领取生准证，并在院校校长同意下办理入续。
常用申请材料
入申请表
很多大入前需填写申请表（Application Form），在与校取得联系后，校便会寄来入申请表、奖金申请表、财力证明表等表格。申请人必须仔细填写好这些表格。
下图为美国大入申请表：
>推荐信
推荐信（Recommendation Letter），推荐信是必须的留申请材料之一。推荐信是由申请人以前的老师或单位来写，目的是推荐申请人入和申请奖金。推荐信是国外院校了解申请人的重要依据，一般要求申请人提供2-3封推荐信。
>个人简历
个人简历（Resume），个人简历是申请国外留以及奖金资助不可少的一份材料。申请大入及奖金，要准备一份合适的个人简历。把自己的教育背景、实践经历、校内外经历、课外活动等一目了然地加以呈现，一定会对有好处。
>英语成绩
英文考试成绩单（English Test Report），按照校的要求，申请人应向校提供官方语言成绩（雅思）、GRE，GMAT成绩单。
>存款证明
存款证明（Bank Statement），一般来说存款证明的金额至少要涵盖年的费用，由于各院校及各个费用不尽相同，预计约30-50万。除存款证明外一些校也会要求申请者出具资助人的签名信件或要求资助人填写相关的资助表格来证明资助人有意愿、有能力为申请者提供足够的资金来完成业。
>>个人陈述
个人陈述（Personal Statement），个人陈述是在申请过程中按照校的要求写一篇有关申请人过去背景，目前成就和未来目标的文章，一篇成功的个人陈述不但应语言流畅，而且文章逻辑严谨，层次分明，能充分显示申请人的才华并抓住审阅人的注意力。
>历证明
国内习成绩单及历证明（Official Transcripts），申请入大一年级的人，需要提供中成绩单。申请读大插班的生，需要提供中成绩单及转前大成绩单，申请读硕士位或博士位的生，则需提供大本科的成绩单及以后就读各种校的成绩单。无论哪种成绩单，都需要由校管理生成绩的部门出具并由申请人寄给美国大。
>注意事项
1、建议出行前理清相关事项并整理好相应物品：
记录好校、联系人或接机人姓名、电话;准备好少量零钱、、汇票或旅行支票；准备好、、机票、校录取通知书、健康证、历等重要资料及复印件；带好机、笔记本电脑等通讯工具。带上相关电子产品的变压器、转换插、插线板，常用药品，衣物，个人照片及一些常用电脑软件。
>2、留出充裕的时间到达口岸办理各类出境检查续，这需要留生朋友和亲属引起注意。
3、出行之前仔细检查、等是否带齐。有些“老留生”在假期国后，办理了新，在返校时多次出现因持有新，而忘记携带贴有有效的老而难以通关的现象。提醒有这类情况的留生，贴有有效的旧也要随身带，以免影响出境行程。
同时，须注意不能私自揭下旧上的贴在新上，这属于出入境违法违规行为，视为无效。
>>4、据海关规定，出境时，携带现金别超过2万元或者折合等于5千美元的外币现钞。如果要超出这个标准，需要向海关事先申报，否则一经查出将会被处以相应的行政处罚。
>>5、很多家长担心孩子出国生活不适应、不方便，给孩子准备了很多食品及生活用品，结果导致行李超重，因此在过关时将被处以不菲的罚金。所以，切记随身行李每人不能超过20公斤。
>6、提前了解目的国关于携带物品的有关，以免蒙受损失。有的留生总想带点国内的特产出国，但有的物品是所到禁止入境的。例如，澳大利亚禁止携带乳制品、蛋制品、肉类制品等入境。
>> %3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于很多想要深造提升水的同来说，出国留便是其中一种比较受欢迎的方式，但很多同对于出国留的申请流程并不十分清楚，以至于浪费不少时间和精力，申请效率非常低。今天小编来给大家梳理一遍，看看出国留应该如何准备？","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BoIYdAKkaou6kaxYTWvcTFehnBP"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"校选择","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KqoSdS2IIoy2YkxOKJ1cMMBanLc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"留市场介绍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnstyBpsPaxEGiDJ35F7Shp6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"随着经济化和教育化时代的到来，我国留服务行业已进入快速发展阶段，每年有太多生选择出国留，已然成为全世界的留人员派遣国。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PicIdgAOyoUaGAx6bexcizOnnZc"},,"attrs":{"height":2248,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"留市场介绍","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/97a229d8c3f5417e8b1fb5e1539db2fc","width":3372},"text":"","id":"C0WYduQSeo0s8exo0jLcFaRWnhI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"各国政策介绍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M262dE44Cowe6Gx85llchy6Rnkd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"之下，各国留政策无常。为大家梳理热门留（英/美/澳/加/新加坡）的及政策变化：包括网课、出入境、、录取标准、包机等等丰富内容。不管同们选择什么留，一定要提前了解相关政策。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Oc4kdOU68oEisuxsNVqcHSeynpg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"英国篇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ca64deG0AoOC4QxuscGc4yB6nlf"},,"attrs":{"height":429,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"各国政策介绍","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/327cccf89b9f4248ab6f4b6c6a05f939","width":650},"text":"","id":"KMKkdIKM6ok4QAxsZVHcdjKXnmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、网课","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L4eYdUMCeogm0mxSE6ocGR7AnZb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大部分校已经确定开日期：9月中旬——十月初，将使用“混合教方法”，即在线教和面对面教的结合。一般开后lecture（大课）计划通过在线形式进行，tutorial（辅导课）计划通过面授进行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PceMdUKwQoSamwxUJ6VctrX6nYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"个别大有不同的措施：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V8u0dWYmgogw6yx6GF5cQGWTnnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、利兹大","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X8yqdUM4coKgkkxoxE9cfZWLncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"受影响，可能会做出如下调整：灵活的到达日期；期提供一些线上课程；或者推迟线下教的开日期。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UgGGdsAaSoWGMyxGQ2jcNytdnKc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、爱丁堡大","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MQwMdySCYoY80Oxuo97cSAiEnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"开时间定在9月21日。官网警告生，预计申请延期的人会很多，所以大会设置名额“”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AKiedCkeIoKeUyx89Dzc6yCjn7e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、出入境","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IE0Gdg40Goo2CqxQFpwcDGwznFc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"受影响，从2020年6月8日起，英国将对入境的公民和来访者实施新的入境规定。规定包括：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZEMadAg46o6g2kxukoEcChIpn5e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、入境者需要提供其旅行史和。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zuqkdg40YoKEguxO2nIcf3Ghnig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、入境之后的前14天内需要在所居住的地方进行自我隔离，除非常特殊的情况下，不得擅自离开隔离场所。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GoKSdcaQao2swUxs7HycLcLxnWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、录取标准","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAcYd64Sqoo4Sux0Qu4cOTuhnAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在英国，超过60所大承认多邻国（Duolingo）成绩（相较雅思而言，多邻国更容易拿到较高的分数）。除此之外，接受雅思拼分、六级成绩、IELTS Indicator的校数量也在持续增加。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MAMgdmqGeowEyWxo5nacVBiNnMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要求降低实例：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W6Kwdgg6soge24xa8Iwc6TB1n1d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"伦敦经济院：为生暂免GRE和GMAT的成绩要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TSiCdIqeAo60iWxAvKXcaTeNnWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"南安普顿大接受Duolingo语言成绩，申请者可以享受10%的考试费用优惠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OsWYdyQEuoMcUKxe0vwc5E5Ondg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"越来越多的院校确认语言课采用网课模式，同时也接受非UKVI雅思，PTE，Duolingo考试（如UCL，南安，伯明翰等）甚至是大外英语六级考试（如伯明翰）来配读语言课。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L2s4dIs8Somo24xIT4Lc2cxOnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四、","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S4Ead4sseoYagOxwfDpcjIsfnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6月22日，英国各个中心，生办理启动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TY2Wdq2CIooAsaxO2Z7cHca4nxf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"生：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YAQqdGeWco0wmSxsv2IcqbWWn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"已经获得Tier 4的，如因影响无法来到英国，将被允许参加远程习，校不需要取消担保。还未申请Tier 4，但已经获得Offer的，若希望参与远程习课程，则无需校发放担保；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UKgCdMUsEowy4IxsRxjcYYlqncc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7月31日之后过期、因影响不能离境英国的人士，也可以直接在英国境内转换长期，生的申请者无需返所在国申请；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JMGadqCCCoooe2x0YK6c5b6dnwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"允许已持有Tier 4的留生在家上网课。无论生是在英国还是返其所在上网课，都将不会被视为违反要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J02edoQA4oqgWYxUdIzc5mOnnwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工作：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Iacod6quOoS2yqxUXZecZ3Apn5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"PSW2021重磅归，政策放宽、境外习的生也可申请该;只要在2021年4月6日前入境英国并符合条件，均都有资格申请PSW;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JioCdWG4WoQUqKxo386cZvl9n3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"自2021年夏天起，作为新“毕业生工作（PSW）举措”的一部分，在英国高校获得博士位的生，毕业后在英国居住和工作的时间从原先的两年延长至三年。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WSSidWwckooKCWx8PJEcTexbnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"费减免","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WYimdeqgAoyCaMx27FDcWjG9n7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"费减免：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CGsodCAMEoOuGwxQtE0czAQgnpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"据外媒报道，英国约有四分之一的大将提供“奖励”或“津贴”来吸引更多生。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IQg0dicyioUmaGxCUALcHkx2nPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"杜伦大：符合条件，在9月份过来，就减免25%费；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W08mdCyOGoc02YxQfGScwjkwnBg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"符合条件的约克大生，语言课费降低25%；语言课升读到正课的生，正课费减免10%的政策。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZQSwdyQIcoAm2kxIvKrceRQunBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"六、包机","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RyMAdAG8QomUkgx4HqjcHfaUnZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"许多大已经开始计划包机将生运向英国（单独或联合包机）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JK42dqKmSo6UEGxiWYec4qBvnzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这些英国大计划单独包机分别是：伦敦大院、格拉斯哥大、博尔顿大以及赫瑞瓦特大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RiYSdIqGmoYccGx4bkgcYilInsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"西南部九所大联合包机-目前最庞大的英国大联合包机队伍，是由布里斯托大组织的「西南部大联合包机」队伍，参与联合包机的大已经壮大到9所！这些校分别是：巴斯大、布里斯托大、卡迪夫大、卡迪夫城市大、埃克塞特大、普利茅斯大南威尔士大、斯旺西大以及西英格兰大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OwuKdoUYmokycgxILFociI4Mnzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"英格兰北部九所大联合包机-英格兰北部九所大也正在和海南航空协商在9月和10月提供包机的可能性，这些大分别是：曼彻斯特大、谢菲尔德大、杜伦大、利兹大、兰卡斯特大、约克大、利物浦大、曼彻斯特城市大和索尔福德大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OUi8dyiguoYigIxQYJmcfin8nuk"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"美国篇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LgoSdI4AUoIWMwxwbxwcDHdmnIg"},,"attrs":{"height":266,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"各国政策介绍","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ebe9f6f4c7de4a19a34bac494b9ffbde","width":400},"text":"","id":"Nw60dkAamoieUCxQ9E5cBaqQnlc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、网课","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WAMud4OYuoACgyxQtpYcgqdGnmf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"多数高校计划秋季期正常进行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RyKUdiIM4oKGEGxAxvyc16PBnwc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据美国高等教育纪事报Chronicle，26%的校尚未决定，24%以网课为主，21%以面授为主，16%的校考虑面授+网课，有4.7%的校计划全部网课，有2.5%的校全部课程面授。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C62UdGoaAoCoWcxhhQucS9zNnLY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、出入境","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H4qedaa2UoOGyoxmcSCcJXYEnUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"身在美国境内的留生，不能全部选择上网课；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ms08dKC6koGOkIxIboBcJYY8nfd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"身在美国境外的留生，可以在当地选择上网课；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N6USdSEeUo6CIgx0oG9cv9EcnHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没有美国返校，但仍上网课的生，生身份仍然有效，只需要在SEV中保持状态；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZAcedaSmaog0KCxavQAcBYLUns7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"入如果全部上网课，则不会允许入境。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Nicqd44sioeIawxQPitcR1nfnuf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、录取标准","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WIQ6dOaQAoo82sxQz4mchkx5nke"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于原因，部分美国大针对SAT/ACT/GRE/GMAT要求作出调整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z4eudEwGqoyaCqxOG8OcVmOOn3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"实例：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PMwYda4q6oAo2Ux29Zdc4urgn7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"凯斯西储大宣布：针对2021年秋季入的生选择性提交SAT/ACT成绩。MIT也表示对于申请者不再要求提交SAT Subject成绩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DmiydwagmogAKixyc5VcCWvBn9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2020年1月份起，加州理工院取消了申请者提交两份SAT科目考试的要求。在申请审核过程中将不考虑这些部分。同时，这项更改对2021年秋季开始申请Caltech课程的生有效。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0cadEuiioCmK4xknSKcwcnbnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"之下，影响了一批还在刷分的生。针对这样的情况，不少海外大研究生院，也取消了提交GRE/GMAT成绩的要求。如：南加州大、东北大、里海大、迈阿密大等等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L8k2ducMKoC0guxgNjgcoCGXnic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四、","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GQCYd2Gm0oMQ8Yx26WXcun1qnys"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"签：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RAqyd6ms8oQq2Ix8gsXcGmPxnyb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"入读2020年秋季的，如果生要去美国以混合模式上课，校可以发放I-20；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CagMd40w0oIa4Gx0wabc7RZXntf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果生要去美国全部线上上课，校不会发放I-20；如果生可以进入美国，可以上一门以上的网课，但是还是要同时有in-person的课程；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A0iOd8MwQougagxWoWaclBRMnrb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一旦生进入美国，开始以混合模式的形式上课，如果之后政策改成全部线上授课，那生依然可以待在美国，并且生身份有效。但是在政策改成全部线上授课之后，就不允许再进入美国了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AwqcdOceuoo2KExO2HCclFVBnEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"已经到达或计划前往美国的生","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ACgudiwo0ooWI0xEPPlcYHWUnif"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"已经身处美国或计划前往美国的F-1(包括转校生)需要在秋季期向校园报到，并可以参加在线、面对面或混合课程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CMaMdu8g2o4IGuxiC8pc0oufnSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"需要延后校园的生：多地的美国使领馆重新，开始处理F-1面试等工作。生如果计划在秋季到校，但需要申请延后，请通过电子邮件向校发送您的申请，附上预定的预约日期等信息。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UsW8d04YWowYcexiEpBcbOSnnQc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"目前最早是明年1月，且有变化；需要延后的：需等待领馆重新后约签顺利方可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AM6qdC2aIoqWx0kU3cqeQfnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工签：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WO4sdKSUgokxcJvvcGwjinjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"政策规定：自然科、技术、工程以及数这四类位的外国留生，在申请OPT时，可以将时间延长，由目前的12个月延长至29个月。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D2CWdgysioEkC0xkXO3cXeIJnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"OPT由USC审批，是美国发给持F-1生的工作许可证。只要完成一年习的同都可申请，在本科、硕士、博士的每一个历阶段都会有一次申请机会。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AiugdMSggowwcKxkrSRctpqRnkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"H1B：硕士及以上历中签率提高局公告H-1B工作新规，改变申请程序及筛选方法，其中筛选方式自今年4月1日开始实施。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D2gadMYWsoIaa6x23wIcR6Gpnfd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五、费减免","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NsKSdOc84o2UAoxmeFacsizWnWh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为了帮助更多生秋季期入以及校财政危机，美国一些大利用“减免费”来吸引生。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KquqdAYwQoc6uKx8RqpcEca5nSf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"普林斯顿大：减免所有本科生10%的费，费减免至48，500美元。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A2IIdwOY8oq6koxw558cEVCxnRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"乔治华盛顿大：今秋不在校生宿舍的本科都将获得10%的费减免。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KEMKdiguqoKqioxyYNacX2fJnrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"威廉姆斯院：将为2020年入的所有生减少15%的“综合费”，包括费和食宿费用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XocidQCUKocEEIxcrK8cGnUjndf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"澳洲篇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KQAYdQoqyoUqg0xwxcAcgZSZn3f"},,"attrs":{"height":416,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"各国政策介绍","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fdd9eab198ed4f4183ac0a09dcef2825","width":640},"text":"","id":"YK6ydQ004oO8G6xgL98cfrQonLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、网课","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qwo4dOkSwoQqKKx8DK4c6LaGn43"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大部分校将采用：线上线下结合模式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pk6GdIYecoqUmMxsPmYcHUWtnxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨尔本大：S2开设网课，如果放宽禁令会考虑线下授课。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SUMQducIioGkiKxSyVVc7DGGnvf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"悉尼大：国内可以网课；入时间或intake：S2 2020开日期将延迟3周，新的开日为Monday24 August并将实施远程在线教","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAgad6CqQoeyU0xCkGVcf4AWn3f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"昆士兰大UQ：S2，2020年第2期的Census Date为8月31日,如果生在10月30日之前退，将不会受到任何术惩罚。第二期将于2020年8月3日（周一）开始，将分为三种授课模式：Internal（校内授课）、Flexible（灵活授课）和远程授课（External）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R6Uid2GyAoC8SOxc3b2crjGcnCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、出入境","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FyMQdYMwEoSWymxyYzWcPrPKnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"澳洲目前对非公民和非居民持续关闭边境中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WEeKdCMqCoQekmxaSypcX34KnDf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"澳洲公民、居民及其直系亲属（配偶、伴侶、持有伴侣者、受抚养人及法定监护人）仍可入境。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XcS4deyqkoqKsUxopiVccwRdnaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"澳洲联邦长透露：正在考虑一项针对留生的特殊豁免政策，计划让留生提前入境澳洲！","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E4Q0dWq4gosKcwxw93qc7wtpn5c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、录取标准","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZGCWd0Icuo4KCUxikdZcjtC6nx7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"澳洲大部分校（包括八大也在语言成绩上降低录取标准）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SyeMdmkY0o2oQsxukW2ckuqBnng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨尔本大：接受duolingo等语言测试：托福，雅思，PTE的有效期延长至3年，暂时接受The TOEFL iBT Special Home Edition version特殊政策：墨大部分院的课程暂时接受5期成绩单申请2020 S2或者2021 S1期入的课程，针对21年入的JD不用考LSAT了,申请JD免费。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FCIGdC6WaoMsqOxegAtcpV94n1d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"悉尼大：接受duolingo等语言测试：临时接受3年内雅思直入；临时认可IELTS Indicator和TOEFL Home Edition考试成绩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OkWadKgIQoQGAYxoZQKc5a76nWh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"莫纳什大：接受duolingo等语言测试：接受duolinggo考试配直升班语言，不过无法直入免语言，至少配10周MEB。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GQ4udSaoeGQoxMTBocYGjXnvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四、","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BUeKdwGquoGWs0xkR9rcKAgontg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"签：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jq2gdUG40oSyGWxKswUchcyvn1d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"重新为澳境外所有地方的放。这意味着当边境重开后，生们就将持有有效，且可以立即安排前往澳大利亚习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C2G4d6AAAoG4UcxeG3Wc65mznif"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果生曾因原因无法在原有效期内完成业，可以免费再次申请生。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UkSidAS8WoayASxQdnGcYtmenJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工签：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZiGedaYoEoIMe8xG2fRc5D8qnVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于目前在澳大利亚境外通过网课习的生持有者，他们这段时间的习可以纳入申请毕业工作（PSW）时所要求的习时间之内。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UQCQdSso6ocysqx2lIHc9lzunvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"曾持有生的毕业生如果因导致无法返澳大利亚，将有资格在境外申请澳大利亚毕业工作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OWUIdIKwcosoeKxWGcRc3Aqbnjg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于需要提供英语语言成绩的申请者，由于期间相关和服务受到影响，他们提交语言成绩的截止时间将获得宽限。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TAcsdkKeCom8MExkNb2cSLOcn1b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五、费减免\u0026包机","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uma4dsC2QoayCix2xiHcaFMsnAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"费减免：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JWImdogCEo2ESgxkXS3c08lcnPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨尔本大：校补贴：根据生情况每人补助7500澳币,8.31之前申请补助。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ey86dEuQUo8AscxOUbqctJ01nVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"悉尼大：校补贴：根据生情况有2000-4000澳币的费用返还：在网上完成一期课程的生可获4,000澳元的费折扣；延期或停至下期的生可获3,000澳元的费折扣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KeSad2CW6oWAw6xQbkqc32wNnjg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"包机：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Nk6UdYccqooKmWx0mRucb7Nmnub"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据堪培拉大（UC）官微消息，6月18日，该大联合澳大利亚国立大组织了一次生返澳试点计划，通过2架包机将700名留生接当地校习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MswUdYM8QoKiAexWC4JcMtuNnSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"悉尼、墨尔本和布里斯本的大也就“生”返计划与进行协商。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OM4yd6WuEo2cooxWKAGcxDnvnQg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"加拿大篇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HGCedK4Geog2CWxgtErcX6RsnUh"},,"attrs":{"height":632,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"各国政策介绍","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5e1ebc0afb6d42d08f236f3487e9aabd","width":1000},"text":"","id":"Is0wds2y4oeio0xAXc3c7JH3nie"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、网课","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LMOcdIOkUoi0ywxgXYUc3eexnXu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大部分大会采用线上线下课程结合模式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Mm6sd6GK8oMk8oxEJWfc7Gqmn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"多伦多大：9月开政策将保持不变。计划将较小的校园课程、研讨会、实验室面授课程与较大的在线远程课程以及讲座结合在一起。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pg0wdKAauo80ogxqSiFcEJqanCf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不列颠哥伦比亚大：2020年秋季正常开，生数量多的课堂将通过在线方式教，小一些的课堂会根据隔离法规进行面授。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VGCIdqOEEo4ia2xqyARclZtpnYf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"维多利亚大：维多利亚大决定将把2020秋季期的绝大多数课程放在线上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OUQAdcKEuo4sogxw1TYcPUq1nHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、出入境","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DWAwdEE2Kou6mkxG6fZcUlY8ngf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"加拿大局（IRCC）发布了一条关于留生的旅行禁令。不满足以下两个条件的留生将无法入境加拿大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QcmadqAIioW6xKCtCcK6cynVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在3月18日边境禁令颁布前获得IRCC的发放的习许可证（study permit）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FSWedyOyAo0q6ExAXqFcjVABnmf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"证明旅行目的“不是随意的/没有选择的”（non-discretionary or non-optional）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zugmd88qqo08mmxcHk6cpQbLnXe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在3月18日之后获得“生允许”的生必须遵循加拿大颁布的旅行禁令。这些生将不被允许以旅行或其他原因入境加拿大，直至禁令被取消。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CW4cdYguIoewC0xsVlxczVz5n0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NGO2dK8KQowykuxWWwIclCSenqf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"签：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PIeqduI6co6AIcxQt7Oc1FlRnkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为了让在加拿大境外上网课的留生尽快获得入资格，加拿大部（IRCC）于7月14日宣布了3项有关签（study-permit）申请的临时新措施：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DiaYdqQ20o4EuwxoZomcvFhyn8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为提交完整签申请（即已经提交所有所需材料）的生提供优先处理，以保证尽快获批;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A6Iad2Su8oYMOCxyknncYHn4nub"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"实施临时的两个阶段签审批程序，为无法提交所有的所需文件并选择远程习的留生提供入保障。阶段：提交签申请，表明已被加拿大认可的习录取以及提供资金证明等，生将收到阶段批准的通知。第二阶段：满足所有的条件后（包括提交必要的文件，例如指纹采集，检和无犯罪证明），生将获得最终批准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KK0Od8ioaiQMxu8tRcCRQ2n7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果生已提交签申请，则在等待签审批以及海外上网课的时间都可以计入获得毕业后工作许可（post-graduation work permit）的资格。前提条件是生最终必须获得有效签，并且保证有50%的课程在加拿大完成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QEdeCSeoU4sixIzBMc2JA4ngX"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工签：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GM0idMIo2oUeECxOn48cqCienrb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在今年秋季期入的留生，可以在9月通过加拿大指定教育习在线课程，只要在2020年12月31日前返加拿大，并继续完成剩余的为期至少2年的课程，仍然有资格获得最多3年的毕业工签。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TaS8dwccKockE8xG7bmcpZxDnqb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"新加坡篇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PykWdQgQWoW06KxWquQcop7HnSc"},,"attrs":{"height":788,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"各国政策介绍","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b78ffb026de74e4dbbc79c62014cd7d6","width":1440},"text":"","id":"GGk2dscegooUMWxaIPDcGrpDnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、网课","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CYCOdGAqioUo6sxQl1Jckq8onwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"新加坡国立大文暨社会科院（FASS）发布邮件，告知生2020年期课程模式为授课，生可自行选择在自己或者来新加坡上网课。本课程所有单元都以研讨课形式进行，并不加以拆分成大班讲堂课和小班辅导课。每班人数一般不超过三十人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkkEdaUqWoyuCOxUzvacqSSjnFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"南洋理工：6月2日起将恢复部分课程的线下授课！今年8月正常开！所有lecture大课的讲座将在线上进行，生预计将以不超过30人小组的形式到校参加面对面的tutorial答疑和实验室课程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Oasedc6GOoESw2xCy9Oc2UxBn3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、出入境","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O060d2WCKos6guxeOtlcQYbKnXe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"目前，新加坡正逐步重新边境，在可控范围内准许一定数量的访客入境进行旅行，并施行必要的保障措施，确保公共卫生。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MMMgdukKuose4WxwDticPZGindb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声明指出：所有入境访客，包括新加坡公民、居民和长期准证持有者(长期准证包括工作准证，生准证、眷属准证、长期探访准证及已获得IPA长期原则批准。)在入境后须在隔离设施区域执行14天居家通知。自2020年6月17日晚11点59分起，所有入境访客在结束14天居家通知前须接受冠病检测。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IUyCd8A6iogSqQxofbBcOAWunlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"自2020年6月17日起所有从澳大利亚、文莱、地区、日本、澳门、、新西兰、韩国、地区和越南入境，且入境前14天只造访过上述及地区的访客，无须在隔离设施区域执行14天居家通知。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G2mcdWSEKoGCk0xy0jFcAhrknNb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ik06dSmQyoAGAUxusOQcDF1gn5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"新加坡大毕业有工作，如果是大本科毕业以上历的生，可以直接申请就业准证(EP)，要求申请人历要本科以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HMgEdKY0goiAaCxgsFcc8u1fnqQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"新加坡大大毕业后可以在新加坡找一份工作，如果被本地公司录用，就可以去局申请就业准证(EP)。获得就业准证的生在新加坡工作半年之后，可向局递交居民申请，批准后成为居民(PR)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EcoCdouQko2uYGxdbM1cuoDFnFT"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"历术要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WOcsdaGgWoYemMxmsifcdLQinZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、语言要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WYyydEYmUoO4YIxmIYycOpnGnWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"去美国、英国、澳洲、加拿大、新加坡这些热门留，需要提供托福或；如英国，申请本科雅思总分必须在6.0以上，申请研究生需要达到6.5分以上，部分热门要求达到7.0。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Hkyqdeq8koMCo4xmeBmcb67cnHg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、年龄要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aq22dMU0UosKuUxOS2VcSoBinmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出国留，留生年龄必须在18周岁以上，35周岁以下。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BK0SdqYGOokmmoxU9NlcRcf3ntc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、术要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O88GdCUeaogMyKxofXlcMs0VnHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请本科必须具备高中历，并且提供高中三年的成绩单，均分需要在80分以上；申请研究生必须是国内全日制本科毕业生，并且拥有士位证，本科4年和最后两年的成绩也必须在80分以上，部分要求达到85分以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FcKkdaMWco4Eo2xUhflcosT5nsc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、其他条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D42Cdo4MCoCEAGxIXugcNiTBnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出国读书，生身素质要好，必须符合招生单位给出的检要求，不得具有传染病以及精神病。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6wCdYc4mo6m0exG5Jjcbq1Onpb"},,"attrs":{"height":574,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"历术要求","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/43a4a87b24024faeaf72ebdc3cf783d9","width":861},"text":"","id":"TqiAdcoQYow6gWx4szQcbLpinxb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"热门留院校","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PEMMdqG8YowwxoZCPcqPk5nBf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"校选择","id":""}],"text":"","id":"REsCdcCsUoqk08xYPSmcJMqknvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"留院校和选择是出国留比较重要的点，两者必须兼顾，才不会有遗憾。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ay4GdwMS0oykAexYt6yc3tfynYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择原则：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWCydSYcCoCeGSxOcLscVo8CnAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、公立院校","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E8Eed8mWYo2uQ0xrPl6cCjo3nyk"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不管是传统的留热门，还是近几年留新宠，这些的高等教育都有公立和私立之分。公立大的优势是财政扶持，费低，师资好，教质量高;私立大自主性强，生有多种途径可以入，但费相对较高，尤其是英美私立名校，一年留费用大概50万元左右。所以，出国留选择公里大更高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CK2SdmMoyoWes6xIK7Pc2ipRnCV"},,"attrs":{"height":571,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"校选择","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9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工程与技术Engineering and technology","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KKqmd2euKoYygux6IGhcXUQunIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工程技术是指工程实用技术，也就是在工业生产中实际应用的技术。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BGgydGomyo40kAxRTFAcm1Gxniq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"留院校：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NCSydi260ooYWSxUvvgc9PtpnHb"},,"attrs":{"height":506,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"大热门留及排名院校","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c70c8b26708c447cb36964e1c730048a","width":641},"text":"","id":"WCK4dM0WqoA2QcxGYxXcdbsanZb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"TOP9 计算机科与信息Computer science and rmation ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zk2AdWksYoamxMtkscdY0Unac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"计算机科与信息是培养计算机科技术能力，能够掌握信息分析与信息管理等方面的能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JMusdA2OmoMA4Oxs9mycHYaxnwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"留院校：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TAmkdKgUmoSMOexI1E6cgir6nQh"},,"attrs":{"height":496,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"大热门留及排名院校","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d97af938cbe64ccda1828649469fdc39","width":641},"text":"","id":"ZaCudgekko8cE2xaSgic6VlTn7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W2aEdyw8Ooo26kxktFDc9DXAnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"TOP8 商业与管理研究Business and Management Studies","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WeKmduAMCos4iyxIXgNcNGTinEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"商业与管理类主要是服务与企业管理方面的应用型商业人才，也属于是商科中的骨干类。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CaawdQ2GOooiKWxi8QEcH2cynkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"留院校：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KKcmdg8OcoWAuaxMbJQcQY4Mn3d"},,"attrs":{"height":506,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"大热门留及排名院校","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d168e221f3594a8195be35e4c8461cfd","width":641},"text":"","id":"Xy0QdEYMaoMmSmxwT7IcDhaOnBd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"TOP7 医Medicine","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V6IudOi4io4wyuxywPqcwFDSngg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"医主要是指各种或病变的一种科，促进病患恢复健康的一种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B2YmdIsiIo6gW0xMpkfcVZcjnme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"留院校：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XSwwdw8ayoMCkQxCOrWcqfFinRh"},,"attrs":{"height":499,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"大热门留及排名院校","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/341369956b5c4b29b322e9fdbd6818eb","width":641},"text":"","id":"TqgOdew8UoAg86xOiWbczPM6n5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XkIed6Ec6oE2MsxicZJcrl12nMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"TOP6 经济与计量经济Econometrics","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W2OAdQ6IKoCiESxNQDac9EmMnIJ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"经济与计量经济是指通过建立经济计量模型，从而定量分析研究具有随机性特性的经济变量关系的一门经济科。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MMM6dcCKUoQuMUxu2awcI9uqnWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"留院校：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RS0YdeM4soMkAsxyCc2czR9fnWe"},,"attrs":{"height":501,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"大热门留及排名院校","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0a546d7beb304635b0b3242c9c3922ac","width":641},"text":"","id":"RiMOdGkaGoMqo2xvRQUcBTqOnbK"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ok0CduwaqogScqxa61xcCnHlnWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"TOP5 法律Law","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkisdSkekogwkqxo3yJcMYflnTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"法律每年都是大热，主要是为了输送法律行业人才。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UucEdGy6QoUcEwxeQoOc0UTtnQd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"留院校：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CswEdAEAuoSIIUxkBX2cNdF1nmf"},,"attrs":{"height":508,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"大热门留及排名院校","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/156f7e2537fe4360b898bf5f06f5e969","width":641},"text":"","id":"JUosdKscgoikKaxst1gcP5xXnbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CSwadMesQoyWKuxSCTncN51Vnrg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"TOP4 艺术与人文Arts and Humanities","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UCegdUawGois4Ox4GDXcfx5Enpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"艺术与人文跨科主要是指研究诸人文科和社会科各领域、文化差异特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G2EmdqUW6oyaecxkZT1c3w25nFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"留院校：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L4cMdgWY8oU0EMxUr5KciJFBn6c"},,"attrs":{"height":507,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"大热门留及排名院校","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d300970df1dc494797b89233f25e61c1","width":641},"text":"","id":"J6IGdAawyoyimax2ReWcXc8cnud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MSWYdayWEoYCiWxgLdYcyPtdnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"TOP3 建筑Architecture","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WS6MdKeQ8osykoxS6fvc19xtnbF"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"建筑是指研究环境及建筑的科，同样也是建筑与人文艺术的科。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GSMqdkaKeo0iycx5aaIcFmb1ndx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"留院校：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LkCUdceOwok8eex0V3KchxZNnL3"},,"attrs":{"height":505,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"大热门留及排名院校","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3305aeda926c433ebdc8edf107c10501","width":641},"text":"","id":"VGEydKkCuoEaSsxSwE6ccl5Mn0d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WyyQds0mEo2s6UxgJilcdSsvnRd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"TO2 机械、航空与制造工程Mechanical,Aeronautical \u0026 Manufacturing Engineering","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PKAudGekIokcqsxko5DcA5Fenbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"机械、航空与制造工程是指培养航空方面运营、规划管理、飞机维修管理、研发制造等人才。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUsMdIK24o6uuGx2XF8c8VODnZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"留院校：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IuQSdmCcyowCWaxuskNcwOhDnOe"},,"attrs":{"height":499,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"大热门留及排名院校","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8d36a919033d479581b85b5c215fc8b3","width":641},"text":"","id":"XYyAdami2ockK8xim21cwBPpnQg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z04WdW0aSomKU0xMXFHcIGJ4nyd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"TOP1 会计与金融","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HYYedWe2Aoe8kkxWHcZkWlneg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"会计与金融主要培养有关证券、金融、保险、投行等相关人才。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BeYydoKmsoOk4wxklfAc9bV8nXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"留院校：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ro6OdAwIIoAIOYxMJM0cqLzqnyd"},,"attrs":{"height":501,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"大热门留及排名院校","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ec6af49a546e44a2bf83eabc83ef448f","width":641},"text":"","id":"XgG4due0UooK8qxaeqscYw2rnNe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"留费用评估","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ts8GdeGssoiWW8xyEXYcFr86nvc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出国留去不同的和城市，花费的费用也有所不同，一定要根据自身家庭的经济状况能否负担得起这笔巨额费用，可以的话再做具算。在这里列举一下几个热门留费用，供大家参考。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A8WMdSwiQoEEOAxXgcEcpCddnNB"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、美国","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U6UwduYaaoaUsgxgRxNcnCIdnOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"疑问，留费用的就是美国了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U4MkdGmAIoKe8uxSwyMcyjHSnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（1）制：美国本科一般为4年制，硕士一般为2年制；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G0CmdiuiGo28s4xGkWScrtOTnhb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（2）费：私立大要比公立大稍贵一些，私立大每年费30-35w，公立大25w左右！当然，科不同费用也有所不同，比如商科类，大概需要30万左右。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L4yGdweO6okOaexglGMcYh23n4c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（3）生活费：如果是在纽约、洛杉矶、波士顿这种的城市，开销是比较大的，房租加上生活费每年大概需要15万左右。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rm8Ed6m2soiK6Ixi4M0cQumTnZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这样算下来，在美国，四年本科大概需要200万左右，两年硕士大概需要100万！","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ts0kdc8aYoo40yxiAhQcxQZhngg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、英国","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A8WMdKKuOoa8kIxkd3ocG0aJnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（1）制：英国本科一般为3年制，硕士一般为1年制；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WKa8dE6wcoc0x8npOcrI5fnZg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（2）费：本科每年费20万左右，硕士比本科要贵，每年30w左右；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ca48dms6Qo4OuCxcxl0cJOMMnQd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（3）生活费：伦敦地区和非伦敦地区差异较大，物价比较高，一般在15-25万左右。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R8eGdIW6Mo4ekgx67wPcF7LznOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然费偏贵，但是英国的优势就是制短，不管本科还是硕士，都比标准少一年，这样算下来，就是三年本科大概需要120w，一年制硕士大概需50w左右。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SE6AdOAe4oyIYkx4CKjc2g7Ontd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、加拿大、澳大利亚","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OAKedQE2soQGQGxncuPc6yG3nNo"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"加拿大和澳大利亚是很多生留的，工作机会也相对较多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YySedeMUGoaKWyx2bYycPqoFnrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（1）制：澳加本科一般为3年制，加拿大硕士一般为2年制，澳大利亚1-3年；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BGAgdMEuSoEo62xwrfOcvLTVnlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（2）费：本科每年费20万左右，硕士每年25w左右；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ek4kdeUKooGUc2xKgiIczUYVnKd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（3）生活费：每年在10-15万左右","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BOKodGUe8oOoOux4OJHc4D8DnMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这样算下来，在澳加，本科大概需要100万左右，硕士大概需要80万左右！","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UiAAdEMg8o0SAMxKUqzc17BWnoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四、新加坡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E24qdyaAuo8Go2xo7wycNlMmnfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"新加坡可以说是留的了！","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MGe2d0woMogsswxyuiXc0rjvnjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"新加坡的校虽然不如一些欧美的大建校历史悠久，但是新加坡大的科研术水非常高，是亚洲重要的金融、贸易中心之一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PIQydyWgqoYEw8xYHWecDcGanBc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（1）制：新加坡本科一般为3年制，硕士一般为1年制，与英国相同；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LqA6dKmGyoOkouxKrbccoDUtnbW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（2）费：这里以新加坡本科直通车项目及一年制专升硕项目为例：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P8s8dsM6UooskIxiUPccvTjTnmg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"本科每年费8万左右，一年制硕士20万左右；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LAYsd2YEYosKCYxCiRUcLbdwnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（3）生活费：在很多人心目中，新加坡是个发达，物价相对较高。但事实上，几乎所有关乎民生的方面，小到菜品、服装，大到房租及购房，在发达中来说是的亚洲发达之一。每年生活费大概需要5万左右；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UsqUdKKuMo2S8AxaycfcclPAnxf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这样算下来，在新加坡，3年本科大概需要40万左右，1年硕士大概需要25万左右！这要比欧美少30%左右。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MskwdeW2Yo4Eqgx2dPYcYcwLnfc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":290,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"留费用评估","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bb42d97a1e9144a99bd10a3c116482f0","width":695},"text":"","id":"KEqGd0mm0ouWCGx488EcrASfngc"},,"attrs":{"height":269,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"留费用评估","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1895aca714ac462f9bd6951cb5880d23","width":695},"text":"","id":"Fu0WdgoQIoSuckxWYpHcEcI8nPf"}],"text":"","id":"PEuIdG4WWok6KExwVWlcvGn9nph"},{"type":"headi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可以在开前四个月内申请。如果条件允许，建议生提前准备。对于已经向美国大申请入通知书的生来说，申请的时间越早，获得的概率越高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YeGIdMCi2oc2WaxGmOzcMwU4n7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、4月至6月是申请习的好时机。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YyqAdiiWSocg0CxsXMzchXbxnqe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"每年7月至8月在美国习的率低于4月至6月。主要原因是，由于4月至6月在美国习的生人数较少，在美国习的时间主要集中在办理旅行、探亲和商务上。因此，4月到6月是办理留的好时机。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RUC4dcS4IoCWIexqMtkcSyVbnbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、一般来说，提前2个月是申请留的时间安排","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Oy0Wd2CM6o08AExigjQcY4Ygnmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请留的时间取决于你自己的时间安排。对于美国，通常提前2个月左右申请是合适的，但最多只能提前4个月，因此生可以根据自己的情况选择合适的时间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BeModQiWOocA46xonihcY6Zkn0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请条件：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A66QducMaoMKQ2x6tQecQFU9nly"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"去美国留首先有术要求，去美国读本科，要求高中毕业，GPA80以上；申请硕士要求本科毕业，有士位证，GPA3.5~3.8；与此同时，读硕士还要具备一定的科研水，比如参加与申请相关的研究项目，在术期刊上发表。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LCMWd0scGoiyuqxm0zDcNmiinMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"语言要求，本科阶段要求托福成绩不低于75，有些校和要求达到100分以上；研究生阶段要求申请者托福成绩不低于80分。需提供在读证明或历证明，语言成绩单，在校成绩，个人陈述，个人简历，推荐信以及存款证明等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RoASd6aSGo8KGax87Wfc4rnLnwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y4I2ds40koSsA2xyG8McSRoknLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"留美必须在美国大使馆办理，可以选择离自己最近的大使馆办理。美国驻华大使馆如下：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y6IEd2gygoUGcgxUt0JciHcanoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、美国驻华大使馆()","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqYid62Q4okG0IxescXctrtInIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"面谈在两个地点进行，请查看预约信，确定您的面谈地点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"So2uduKYKoEGA2xG0YZcjG0Kn6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"新馆：安家楼路55号，邮编：100600。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WQqcdAcyeoUgKOx6vfIcE7CRnkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"日坛分部：建外秀水东街2号，邮编：100600。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B2EKdegYaooqkIxiq8TcOiZRnbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、美国驻华总领事馆(成都)四川成都领事馆路4号，邮编：610041","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EoYadO2CWoqeKQx08DicQtOtnOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、美国驻华总领事馆(广州)广州市天河区珠江新城华夏路,(靠近地铁3号线或5号线珠江新城站B1出口)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UgOEdSgyQoamemxsuLzcXmnfr"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、美国驻华总领事馆(上海)上海南京西路1038号梅龙镇广场8楼，邮编：200041","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H0egdIigeokw8WxmeXJcXPaTnfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、美国驻华总领事馆(沈阳)沈阳和区十四纬路52号，邮编：110003","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWKudSuIAoMaS2xElz6cwSLLn5x"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"准备材料：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XUQGdIke0owO0WxayaQcaT1snIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、基础材料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LW84d2CQ2oQIAuxkl7GcZkxWn0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请赴美留所需材料的表格、相关证明、（最后一页签名）、中信银行付款单、美国校录取通知书（可携带多份，最后决定去的将放在最上面）、账簿或家庭关系公证书、家庭照片、中信银行费支付收据、SEV费用支付文件、I20表、一张照片（6个月内拍摄的2英寸x 2英寸方形彩色正面照片，白色背景。照片必须符合基本要求，否则申请将不予受理）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VGwidU8e6oagyox4Vzwc9AHinvf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、 DS-160","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CmG6dUCO6ogWSIx8GP4czEu0n8b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"DS-160确认页：从2010年3月1日起，所有非申请人必须在线填写表DS-160。DS-160是英文的，但大多数栏目都有中文翻译。要使用中文翻译，您可以在页面右上角的“选择工具提示语言”列中从“英文”更改为“中文”。将光标移动到英文文本上，中文翻译将自动弹出。除了申请人的全名必须用中文填写外，所有问题的答案必须用英文填写。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VKwCdig4koscYgxmiYqcChH3nV7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、习证明材料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YIQMdA0U0oEEuqx2l8Gc4sWgnIh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"习证明（中文和英文）+生证原件、成绩单（中文和英文）、位证书（中文和英文），书（中英文），成绩单+位证书+书（中英文校正式盖章版），习计划和国计划，简历，G/T成绩单，获奖证书和作品（艺术作品所需）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q8ymdwsicoWa6ex8rHkcJA8InYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、家庭相关证书","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TYoOd2uGEomuOAxI3j3cvqkwnqf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"父母担保书（英文+父母签名）、父母工作收入证明（正式中英文版本）、工作许可证、，您有/出国证明、银行存折/公司证明（如需）、银行存折/留证明，基金/票证书、房地产（红皮书）、汽车财产（绿皮书）/。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CgaadwOayo2mAAxyaaLcGypanIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"办理流程：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XgcWdGowKoIeQIxWZoucLWKxn3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、拿到I-20表格","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SUEudA4eooam4mxInCGczSYjnGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"I-20表格是跟着校的录取通知书一起寄给生的，拿到I-20表格之后先不要着急进行下一步，先要检查一下你的I-20表格中的信息是否准确，是否有错误。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YKG6d8iqooS8GkxQXUBcgFBfnUd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、缴纳SEV费用","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KWsadOKqmo4Os0x4WYlchlcTnie"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"SEV是美国交流访问人员信息管理，去美国留的生需要交SEV数据库管理费，目前是350美元每人，交完SEV费之后要记得一定要保留缴费收据。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LKW0d6sowosu0oxsz4TcRNeYnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、准备申请材料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VQGidIySSoEyysxihUPcUvyCnmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拿到I-20之后就可以开始准备美国留办理所需要的材料了，美国办理所需要的材料有：I-20表、SEV费用缴纳收据、、2寸白底照片、校录取offer、明或在读证明、在校成绩单、语言成绩单、习计划或工作计划、存款证明、父母收入证明、推荐信、出生证明等材料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OQEMdEsg0oOscixszX0cKGyinGb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、在美国驻华大使馆官网上注册","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EaecdoKUGocOaaxstZpcUnPpnnc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"美国留是通过在线申请的，需要进入美国驻大使馆的官网，进行注册，然后在官网上找到申请。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OOuWdYoyoo2ggMxE717cxRBgnZE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、提交申请DS-160表格","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SIWqdYcAeo60UkxIuxicToecnib"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"DS-160表也就是申请表，根据上面的要求在线填写相关信息，要注意的是在填写申请表的时候是一次性填写完毕，因为在填写申请表的过程中，一旦未作时间超过20分钟，申请流程将自动被终止。不过在申请表上会有一个十位的ID号码，记住这个号码，浏览器关闭之后可以凭借这个ID 继续申请，否则就要重开始申请。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LQmwdaOy2oIKaExgzhmc4lgJntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、缴纳申请费","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VgeSd6k26o6OYgxozD4c5qewnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"填写完申请表之后，下一步我们要做的就是缴纳申请费，现在申请美国留可以在网上直接用支付，方便了很多，缴费成功之后会生成缴费凭据，需要保留。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HC6EdqIAqoogM0xaGaocVzx1nwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、预约面签","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MU8CdSgoWo8sMaxKyj1cfsaTn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"交完申请费之后，就可以进行预约面签了，具能预约到什么时候的面签，要看申请的人数，在申请高峰期的时候，可能需要等待几天。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QwyOdeQiUo0IywxGOAHc4QYTndg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、去大使馆面签","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DOW0dC2iyoAEoixcNvRc1ACenfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据预约的时间到大使馆进行面签，面签时一定不能迟到，能够早一点过去，面签的时候要携带好上面所说的材料，对官问的问题要如实、清晰的进行答。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CYKedsiwgo4OCax2DP4cQmdMn8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、下签","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QwIadi8MoogA6YxArmvcgZUYnOg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"面签结束之后一般在3-7个工作日就会出结果，拿到。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DIysda82koQy4QxYzrKcPcqanAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、澳洲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CQgEdyQKAosy6OxcVFtcPImAnZd"},,"attrs":{"height":375,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"办理出国留","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a076b6313d2d4b4894eeb884611d2789","width":500},"text":"","id":"WMGqdoSo4owYkuxCUkbcfnNlnkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请时间：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ayccd4KaAoqi06xKIKaczEIrnfd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"澳洲局官方建议所有申请者提前12个星期递交材料，6-8个星期是审理周期。千万不要卡着-8星期的时间办理，因为还要考虑到官的工作周期。如果不幸恰逢审理高峰期，或者遇到使馆对递交的材料进行内部评审或调查，官休假等各种因素，很有可能周期就会变长，需要2个多月，甚至更长。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BqeWd8qmmoseCqxeunHcWO8Knjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般7月入的生，5月办理；而2月入的为12月份办理。给生家长们留下足够多的时间，应对可能遇到的突发状况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RmSydsOQ8oq0aYxQTaKch3ZknAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果官遇到休假、调换工作或者我们最不愿意看到的放法定假日，那么整个申请都会缓慢下来。所以，建议大家提前半年准备材料，距离开3个月就尽早递交申请。如果走电子签，要你的经济情况简单，经济来源复杂的，建议走普签比较稳当","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P0esdq48SoOigyx0asMcY9IYnpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请条件：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UGMKd6Uc6ooymexwVkIcbPRjnSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、历条件:一般是国内中生申请澳洲高中留、高中生申请本科留、本科申请研究生留。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OaEkdoEKKoAaGix6e76c59QSnlg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、语言条件:一般来说申请澳洲中留雅思总分需要在4.0分以上;申请大本科雅思总分至少要在6.0分;申请澳洲大的研究生需要不低于6.5分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DaukdOO8KoMeKMxCCPncVZ9NnHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、成绩条件:一般申请澳洲高中留，时成绩需要在75分以上;申请澳洲大本科，时成绩需要在70分以","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PmYEduQY8omEQSxOsxMcIe8hnrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SuUkdMM6Aos8igxorFJcLis8nXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"计划到澳洲留的生需要去澳大利亚驻华大使馆中心办理。如下：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GSAEdMiuOoUCwaxIrWsc7lLOn3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、澳大利亚驻大使馆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N82edQkG4o8CeGx6ncxcyLEunce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"：市东直门外大街21号，邮编：100600","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWGCdKOCMoi2Eexi1zScCl88npb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电话：010-51404111","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XMoQdCCygoe0E2xWaaac7XZQnzf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"传真：010-51404162（处）；51404292（领事和行政处）；51404230（和文化处）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bum8dqgooo4IsCxumRVc0tnLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使馆办公时间：周一至周五9:00～17:00","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EwAYdmiawoY2Sox0UINcEJZen0d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"领事服务：周一至周五8:30～17:00","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J0wodIOyEoC8emxwzDgcIIMGnce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"处窗口对外时间：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HWU2d6yQEosk0KxKKGTcgif8nvb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"周一至周五9:00～12:00（对个人）；周一、二、四、五14:00～16:00（对专员）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G2O8d0qgMoawi4xyi4ncAKsVnOe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"领事区域：市、天津市、河北省。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ImYEd0CmCoogCcxMBwLceamGn9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、澳大利亚驻领事馆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SWaCdGQUgo0kWSxY7FIcrxPwnLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"澳大利亚驻上海总领事馆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GM2Cd6CMKoYgQ4xOQJ2cHVDongd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"：上海市南京西路1168号中信泰富广场22楼，邮编：200041","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AgkUd4CuooICkIx8NwbctyBtnke"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"领事事务和问询电话：021-22155200","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ESyMdUuYuoY8Imx8VGkcxexNnUh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"传真：021-22155305","id":""}],"text":"","i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留申请的时间会比较长，大约在2~3个月才出签。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VgwcdQGw8o2kM4x41InczJEAnCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、申请者如果准备的材料齐全，中心的审理时间是1~3个月。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8GudeWkuoGAEqxULTlcz6DWnQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、准备材料比较好的申请者可以在1-2个月可以出签。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WewWdCYsWoo4GqxIrmRcd0TMnud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、如果说申请者的英语能力比较好，并且符合相关条件，就可以走s ds的话或者sp p计划，前者最快3~4周可以出签，后者只需要两周出签。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kg4udSQ0Mo2KGexes4qcemDvnNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请条件：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PWg8de2KqoaYoIxkbedcps96nke"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、身份健康、品行优良。有的校要求申请者提供本人居住地出其的品德证明。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J4ygYCouueCxIXglcn6KHntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、足够的经费。留生必须有可靠的经济来源，凡由亲友提供资助者，必须担保人有能力提供资助的公证书，资助金额需银行证明，由单位或负责资助者，需提供证明，获加拿大奖金者需提供奖金提供单位的证明。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U2w8dgEsyoEIuSxEj3EcYgL8nXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、位历证书和资格证明，以及大期间的成绩单。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DUeAdI2yeoIY0sxMDDHcLmfGn7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、英语、法语水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C8m8dQKiYoscqcxu2alcTGwCn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KSAOdgUqCom4Ikx2RovctESmnbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"加拿大驻华大使馆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wa08dsu2aokUgoxMhI2c7mOqnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、加拿大驻华大使馆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SaOCdySm4oiMs6xawaPc3646nnc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"：市朝阳区东直门外大街19号","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CyYAdio4Somgc4xgXNkc3YtZnqf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电话：010-51394000","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I2wcdSk4oooo6uxCxxWcyghFnhb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"传真：010-51394449","id":""}],"text":"","id":"eGdWMmsoEoYExyQxocS4cBnge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"：://canadainternational.gc.ca/china-chine/index.aspxlang=zh-cn\u0026view=d","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JwqgdwECgoQcAGxEVIZcc8uOnId"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电子邮件:beijing-immigration@international.gc.ca","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RswUdYAcQo2C6yxI7NzcrOR7n4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、加拿大驻上海总领事馆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V288dQUuiomiI2xqcN8cjp62nIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"：上海市南京西路1788号大厦8楼","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeuGdqmOYoawxaMjccQdJQnGb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"领区：上海、浙江、江苏、安徽","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T80kdO62uoeKkmxAzvZcdP5HnbL"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电话:021-32792844","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qikqd4GsoosuumxSdc1c25UGn8j"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"传真:021-32792892","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Tmk6dC0kUokAu4x73gDcoPswnGH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电子邮件:shanghai-im-enquiry@international.gc.ca 3、加拿大驻广州总领事馆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GGGcdo8OYoMaAYxyH10cCT69nua"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"：广州市流花路大酒店商业大厦801室","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SU0AdOYAsogamgxKsBZcrkFqnXb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"领区：广东、广西、福建、海南 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8MSdQYwIomyEMxacdZcWslinch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电话:020-86116100","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWk0dCW8aogcwix433zcaVAPnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"传真:020-86116196","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HuGkd6csAoQmExIDcXBnHnPc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电子邮件：ganzug@international.gc.ca","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O24odIIkWoAwoUxsVNXcjTaFn5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、加拿大驻重庆总领事馆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CAYkdiY6OoScKaxG8iSc7G3wndI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"：重庆市渝中区五一路大都会商厦17楼","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CaIcdi0EqoigYEx8HhBcfzEwnnf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"领区：重庆、四川、贵州、云南","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIcmdq48eoEKCIxuIqkcnXJln0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电话：023-6373800 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8sUdqK8wos6Acxum7Bc50gFn9c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"传真：023-63738026","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MIWSdqW8Yo4IOyxI5xUcxyIznUI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电子邮件:chonq@international.gc.ca","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KYC0dEAkSoEg4cxsthXc8bDOn8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、申请中心","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FgeUd4O4QoaegcxErdjcyPByndg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"：市东城区东直门南大街11号中汇广场A座12层","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KKkadsgWQoiEYex4n2dcQ2uXnjg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"邮编：100007","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YK2sdqMG6occS8xwj9FcyTpenvf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电话：010-57636878","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LOY4dEyowooSkoxMp4nc0HkknDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Hwiid0Amgo2EEIxOGA4c6srMn8c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电子邮件：pek.cacn@vfshelpline","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PyiOdG6gsoa0k0xu61nclNyFnoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、上海申请中心","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qi4GdaggWoYWGQxKu5yc7zcLncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"：上海市徐家汇路555号2楼广东发展银行大厦","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UEQWdKA4woa8yqxCWfmcUIusnig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"邮编：200023","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Km60d86g0oMOawxnF3GcqkvSnAD"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电话：021-63901830,021-63901221","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ViYOdOumaoYACmxgnhOcMzaNnFd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电子邮件:sha.cacn@vfshelpline","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ws2mdqu24oSYSfxNqwfczYRGnjW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、广州申请中心","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WaGSduauAosqEIx4jgicF66Entf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"：广州市天河区育西路189号城建大厦3楼351室","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R0audIK28oc6mkxkzpMcoB4Xnvc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"邮编：510620","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P2qUds86WoeiSUxs9u4c389inzm"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电话：020-38898475,020-38898476","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EiEydWaCIoC2mwxqIoPcJ0kdnWG"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电子邮件:can.cacn@vfshelpline","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G6kydMG0koeY2Mxwb1HcJX3znNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、重庆申请中心","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUkMdmYauogMGqx6ufnc3X5Gnph"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"：重庆市渝中区青年路77号J.W万豪酒店国贸中心3楼3U-6","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UQo0deWS6oeGgoxqUbscAn5anDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"邮编：400010","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZIMkd2sKko2s6ix8yAmc5Ev5nyz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电话：023-63721388","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HKw8dACWEoimAOxm4fbc1VQqn8c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"电子邮件:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"pek.cacn@vfshelpline","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YyAYdgs0uoK2oExVYPicmO0cnOs"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"准备材料：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EisOdawAAo684cxktHvcgwqmnAd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、入加生申请2份（本人填写）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W2M0duKUGo2y2YxSyL7cmmDhnGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、家属表1份。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZSWCdAg6uoekqcxi5XrchvHdn7T"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、父母表1份（须有父母签字）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AYESdqaWCoMc2gxY3bVcZ7Ain2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、家庭成员教育和就业细节表1份。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WiW8dyysuo6wQKxmAi1cQB3Xnqh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、生申请KIT-SUPPLEMENT#1财务概述1份。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FcUidq4WEo2wqkxmKRvcAS97nVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、生申请KIT-SUPPLEMENT#2调查表1份。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T6WidAq8MoUeSExOIvJcFZlunQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、入通知书原件及复印件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqeYdqKg2oWGMkxCwjccgOtCn7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、加拿大校发出的申请人费收讫凭证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KECsdcukqogACYxcPm9cQzuTn9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、原件或复印件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D4ood2uwgooeWWxIJrjcg3OMnmf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、复印件4份。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YMQsdWOEwoEgWoxEd8jc0rR1nXg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11、最近六个月的2寸照片4张。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XaSwdM2YMoO4w8xOozIcE5nynoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"办理流程：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XkEgdyogEoGye6xU9tgcFwKZn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"步：准备好本站列出的加拿大留所需材料清单。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AoeWd8OeooqYCIxkhJXcFmqcn1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二步：到就近的加拿大中心递交申请，不需要预约，也不需要面试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gcosdc88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Approval (IPA) letter给到生，生用IPA和入境新加坡。IPA Letter并不是生准证，只能用于入境新加坡，不能重复使用IPA Letter入境。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UkQ2dUuA4osgImxARxtcK6WbnDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"生新加坡后，需要带齐相关材料，预约到ICA换取生准证。这个SP是多次往返的长期居留证。凭这个生准证，申请者可以在新加坡留期间出入新加坡并且不需要另外的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AMo4dUUwSoEKsExstdZcV1w4nAf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"准备材料：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KQGYdwE0Ioqc8uxu8TRcVR9pn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、2寸型照片6张；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AsWOdqyYyoIAewxMBGjcE1rcnld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、填写完整的英文入申请表（注明选择的课程项目代码和名称）；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WSmMdyCUYoCGGoxsLsJcDb0Infb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、申请人的出生公证书原件1份，复印件2份；申请人的户口薄单页及申请人（如果有）复印件各2份；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YMmudUMWqooAGixwrTbcY8Yzneg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、申请人的历或者在读证明公证书原件1份，复印件2份；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OimGdii62oM2OcxETH9cCa3mn9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、申请人的历或者在读成绩单公证书原件1份，复印件2份；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A2CSdS0cWowkaax0GpYcKhimn9c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、16万以上的至少6个月定期存款的银行存款证明公证书；除9-A公证的存款之外的其他银行存款单，银行存折薄（如有）；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MK2KdyUyUoaEO6xqk6xcXEfwnpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、申请人的首页复印件2份； ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KkwUdUWGcoSuQYxI96EcECgHnyf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、如果申请人已经有工作，需要提供：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q2qodecO8o0qYixWuKmcngtVnGd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请人的工作证明STATEMENT和由单位开具的工作证明信复印件3份（写明性别，出生日期，在该单位工作起始时间及目前任职）；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Eq6udMmukoMA4Gx8fPtcb6OKnKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请人的商业注册证明（营业执照）复印件3份（如果是自雇人士）；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EuCMduqAOoOaeCxGmUwcE56vn4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请人近三个月的月工资记录，原件1份，复印件2份（提供工资条即可，但需要单位盖章，如果没有工资条， 提供工资明细表也可以）；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZWSSdiaaMoSoKqxkbgZcAPnZngd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、如果申请人已经结婚需提供：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YmOyds468oGWuyxoJ22csaZYnJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请人配偶的工作证明STATEMENT和由单位开具的工作证明信复印件3份（写明性别，出生日期，在该单位工作起始时间及目前任职）；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ji2EduA6aoAcG4xaMlIcHo0QnDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请人配偶的商业注册证明（营业执照）复印件3份（如果是自雇人士）；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FYQUdMmUko8UuqxK6QwcOrfNngb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"申请人配偶近3个月的月工资记录原件一份，复印件2份（提供工资条即可，但需要单位盖章，如果没有工资条，提供工资明细表也可以）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GMo2dcGqWoSoouxM1OgcswKCnwc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"办理流程：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wq06dMa4Ao0O0Kx6wgzcXjD9nEf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"步：申请人在申请新加坡之前需要先向新加坡领取入表格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CccQd0weQoGsAAx4cBkc6o6nnne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若想进入新加坡的院校，则需要通过。考试分为。通过后，生会得到，允许他们。相反，他们只能申请其他类型的院校。通过生申请过，校会在证明信上注明生的入。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KegadY2QioYEQoxOg3Ucmn7gn1d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二步：申请人参加在新加坡举行的资格考试，考试形式分为英语、数和中文三门。通过资格考试的生将获得颁发的证明信，并能进入的政。而未通过的生可以选择性的选取其他院校。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SQGOdgoiEoWwuux0ooecyPbinHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三步：生申请成功的院校将会在证明信填写生的入通知或水测试成绩，并寄新加坡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Nke6dAgimo0UUUx2R4bcQTEfn7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第四步：新加坡接受到院校的证明信后，将会向准留出关于缴纳教育基金的通知。准留生在规定的时间内缴纳金额，就能得到院校的录取通知书。最终凭借录取通知书，与新加坡国民与登记局办理申请生证的续。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RWYSd4sqyoKkwuxYLoRcAtQxnfe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第五步：准生在到新加坡一个月内必须领取生准证，并在院校校长同意下办理入续。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Sw6YdgiKQok88Ex0uJRcZ2bIn4d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"常用申请材料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PqSKd0AMgoekCAxMP32cr5WRnvg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"入申请表","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WiScdKk2oo4ICGxykPNcG9Hhnwb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"很多大入前需填写申请表（Application Form），在与校取得联系后，校便会寄来入申请表、奖金申请表、财力证明表等表格。申请人必须仔细填写好这些表格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jym6dA6q4oO6MYxuejkcEsVun6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下图为美国大入申请表：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bw0qdcOC2o4KQUxK89HckIC2n3e"},,"attrs":{"height":1025,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"入申请表","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/06f40f1872444fc591aba76940d48447","width":792},"text":"","id":"HEQ4dCo0OoYKYMxHfRYcEOw4nia"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐信","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ee6EdQW0eouqWixcpP7cT4dtnfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐信（Recommendation Letter），推荐信是必须的留申请材料之一。推荐信是由申请人以前的老师或单位来写，目的是推荐申请人入和申请奖金。推荐信是国外院校了解申请人的重要依据，一般要求申请人提供2-3封推荐信。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y62MdYSKMoSWcixey9qcUnqSnQe"},,"attrs":{"height":1404,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐信","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/276e9d8f50b648c9ab28c5f90fb41961","width":993},"text":"","id":"SG2sdoAeko2UKMxwVMOcOT32ntf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"个人简历","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GQM2doMkgo2Y6mxKyrSc13iZnac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"个人简历（Resume），个人简历是申请国外留以及奖金资助不可少的一份材料。申请大入及奖金，要准备一份合适的个人简历。把自己的教育背景、实践经历、校内外经历、课外活动等一目了然地加以呈现，一定会对有好处。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IaAOd8qGEoquIGxkTgjcN7Ftnmf"},,"attrs":{"height":1024,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"个人简历","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/683163d1ccdc4561b8601ac6b65b0eff","width":1013},"text":"","id":"Sq4Wdkmsqo4WcaxiqYacJvhin0b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"英语成绩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HGY2dsoKWoa4Gmxs8d6cn9D7nXs"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"英文考试成绩单（English Test Report），按照校的要求，申请人应向校提供官方语言成绩（雅思）、GRE，GMAT成绩单。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MeWMdkieio6Es0xMRaCc76L6n9f"},,"attrs":{"height":901,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"英语成绩","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b4d5139841cd4ac89ee9cae67a53a970","width":1080},"text":"","id":"VGqOd6MYSoqgC2xi4mycHzsengf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"存款证明","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KQK6dsoq0oY04oxGG0bcwVU1nvb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"存款证明（Bank Statement），一般来说存款证明的金额至少要涵盖年的费用，由于各院校及各个费用不尽相同，预计约30-50万。除存款证明外一些校也会要求申请者出具资助人的签名信件或要求资助人填写相关的资助表格来证明资助人有意愿、有能力为申请者提供足够的资金来完成业。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MywAdSgkgoiSk4xETBIcuAhRnEg"},,"attrs":{"height":559,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"存款证明","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b711f79509a54356ae15c32b4f1ff5b8","width":400},"text":"","id":"UqkOdom8IowwwaxCICxclS5znsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Tg22dKkweoMauUxy4Q9cLYTXnQ1"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"个人陈述","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYaAdmki6owO24xoB09coIAsnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"个人陈述（Personal Statement），个人陈述是在申请过程中按照校的要求写一篇有关申请人过去背景，目前成就和未来目标的文章，一篇成功的个人陈述不但应语言流畅，而且文章逻辑严谨，层次分明，能充分显示申请人的才华并抓住审阅人的注意力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MaskdsaYeoqwxoxAyc0DEKnEe"},,"attrs":{"height":1302,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"个人陈述","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/836fe2f9d6e944c5842fc805d27500a7","width":920},"text":"","id":"MWkwdWGCaoIOo0xo5JFchcponxh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"历证明","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J2IydKUw4ooaggxI5XacRQkdnY6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国内习成绩单及历证明（Official Transcripts），申请入大一年级的人，需要提供中成绩单。申请读大插班的生，需要提供中成绩单及转前大成绩单，申请读硕士位或博士位的生，则需提供大本科的成绩单及以后就读各种校的成绩单。无论哪种成绩单，都需要由校管理生成绩的部门出具并由申请人寄给美国大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zm6qdECIko0MawxlaKWcNbqOnO0"},,"attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"历证明","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/990300ddde5f455cabee9b122073f1cc","width":1080},"text":"","id":"W2was2oQ6cGx47N8ctBBFnjg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOfQI9QmrPoVjcDA9n05ZAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、建议出行前理清相关事项并整理好相应物品：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jqwcdi00aoOoI4xo5F9c3q9Jn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"记录好校、联系人或接机人姓名、电话;准备好少量零钱、、汇票或旅行支票；准备好、、机票、校录取通知书、健康证、历等重要资料及复印件；带好机、笔记本电脑等通讯工具。带上相关电子产品的变压器、转换插、插线板，常用药品，衣物，个人照片及一些常用电脑软件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DoWgdyiayosUyAx6j7XcQydfnzc"},,"attrs":{"height":452,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8a41edf2f748498cb3362a71d7c14116","width":621},"text":"","id":"DcIId6Aouoc8wgxoheGc9CT0nxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、留出充裕的时间到达口岸办理各类出境检查续，这需要留生朋友和亲属引起注意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IaQwdYIAUomoSoxsh1IcWfUdntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、出行之前仔细检查、等是否带齐。有些“老留生”在假期国后，办理了新，在返校时多次出现因持有新，而忘记携带贴有有效的老而难以通关的现象。提醒有这类情况的留生，贴有有效的旧也要随身带，以免影响出境行程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A82sdCI66IMxOWLJczbtinsc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"同时，须注意不能私自揭下旧上的贴在新上，这属于出入境违法违规行为，视为无效。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LmKid622MoqGGWxsLoVcrASTnHe"},,"attrs":{"height":682,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3e5a4ff86ebf4ecd83eb1f88f8c15fa5","width":1023},"text":"","id":"ICy8dIUgWouKsGxox8OcIlwhn3e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KQO0d0qgeoIOySxYxnCcWSprnrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、据海关规定，出境时，携带现金别超过2万元或者折合等于5千美元的外币现钞。如果要超出这个标准，需要向海关事先申报，否则一经查出将会被处以相应的行政处罚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P4ySdAsqcoE6UGxGmqHcberunYd"},,"attrs":{"height":473,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e6347aa133694d759594dc318b0ffbf7","width":800},"text":"","id":"NOScdq2CSosMkExE9n9cmWdcnmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PoC8d4yYYo6Mioxicn6cctjNnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、很多家长担心孩子出国生活不适应、不方便，给孩子准备了很多食品及生活用品，结果导致行李超重，因此在过关时将被处以不菲的罚金。所以，切记随身行李每人不能超过20公斤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HamQdyEwkouw4cxuOhgcl2MWnce"},,"attrs":{"height":512,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/854152adb23b42679ca2ee9448b57c48","width":768},"text":"","id":"FIi6dseouoK4KaxiUB3cc8Pincb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、提前了解目的国关于携带物品的有关，以免蒙受损失。有的留生总想带点国内的特产出国，但有的物品是所到禁止入境的。例如，澳大利亚禁止携带乳制品、蛋制品、肉类制品等入境。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SSqydGMKEocsggxsHQPcrH2hnte"},,"attrs":{"height":542,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/01df30f54b624480bf528e2b3aa3dd39","width":553},"text":"","id":"LQsOduIcioUyCuxWaM0coE8YnWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U0IOdESYyoKU4wxkJ03c3ZNUnlc"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E如何习音标？
音标是习英语的步，想要好音标需要认识音标、会读音标，这样以后才能认识单词。在习音标前，我们要先知道音标有48个，元音有20个，辅音有28个，元音又分为单元音和双元音，单元音有12个，双元音有8个。
音标数目
在上表中，我们可以看到音标有48个，现在我们常说的音标也是48个。
可以点击下面链接习音标。
《【48个英语音标示范读音-哔哩哔哩】 s://b23.tv/mt9vVaK》
元音部分
>辅音部分
>音标的分类
的分类方式是：元音=长元音+短元音+双元音；辅音=清辅音+浊辅音。
英语一共有48个音标，包括20个元音，28个辅音。
20个元音包括5个长元音：/i:/、/ɜ:/、/u:/、/a:/、/ɔ:/；
7个短元音：[i] [ə] [ɔ] [u] [ʌ] [e] [æ]；
8个双元音：/eɪ、/aɪ/、/ɔɪ/、/ɪə/、/eə/、/ʊə/、/əʊ/、/aʊ/；
注意：
1、长元音顾名思义就是发的音比较长而饱满；短元音则发的音比较短而急；
2、双元音就是两个单元音拼在一起，成为组合音。双元音发音的特点是前面的单元音发音长，后面的发音比较短。
28个辅音包括：轻辅音/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/ /h/
浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/ /r/
鼻音 /m/ /n/ /ŋ/
半元音 /j/ /w/
边音 /ǀ/
>发音技巧
长元音
点击这个习长元音发音。《【元音音标（长元音）-哔哩哔哩】 s://b23.tv/xz9mOz3》
5个长元音/i:/、/ɜ:/、/u:/、/a:/、/ɔ:/发音技巧。
（1）/i:/发音技巧：
发音时舌尖抵下齿，口形扁。在发音的时候要尽量拉长，就像古人喝醉酒以后吟诗的感觉。
单词举例：bee [biː] n. 蜜蜂；see [siː] v. 看见，参看
>（2）/ɜ:/发音技巧：
/ɜ:/是长元音，近似于腔的“儿”话音，如“花儿”的“儿”。发好这个音，关键在于卷舌！
单词举例：shirt [ʃə:t] n. 衬衫,男士衬衫；nurse [nə:s] n. ,保姆
>（3）/u:/发音技巧
发这个音时用力向前突出，有点像拉长了音说“乌”，但要注意，“乌”的口形较扁。
单词举例：moon [mu:n] n. 月球,月亮；room [ruːm] n. 房间,空间
>（4）/a:/发音技巧
发音时口张大，稍收圆。发音时可以照着镜子，说“啊”，看看嘴巴张得够不够大，记得要将嘴巴尽量张大。
单词举例：ask [a:sk] v. 问,询问； far [fa:r] adj. 远的
>（5）/ɔ:/发音技巧
发这个音时，稍稍收圆，并向前突出，发音接近于汉语“嗷”。这是个长元音，记住：长元音一定要拉长，发出来才好听。
单词举例：door [dɔ:r] n. 门； short [ʃɔ:t] adj. 短的
>短元音
点击这个习短元音发音。《【【英语音标7个短元音/ʌ/ /ɒ/ /ə/ /ɪ/ /ʊ/ /e/ /æ/怎么读？】-哔哩哔哩】 s://b23.tv/fo9Bd5E》
7个短元音：/i/、/ə/、 /ɔ/、/u/、/ʌ/、/e/、/æ/
（1）/i/发音技巧
它是个短元音，发音要短促而轻快。
单词举例：big [bɪɡ] adj. 大的,庞大的；Fit [fit] v. 合身,适合于
>（2）/ə/发音技巧
发音时舌身放，扁。发这个音时不用卷舌。
单词举例：teacher [ˈtiːtʃə] n. 老师,教师； mother [ˈmʌðə] n. 母亲
>（3）/ɔ/ 发音技巧
这是一个短元音，发音一定要短，发音比/ɔ:/短一些，稍稍收圆，并向前突出。
单词举例：dog [dɔg] n.狗,家伙；hot [hɔt] adj. 热的,辣的
（4）/u/ 发音技巧
发音时收圆，稍突出。就像发汉语中的“乌”，但没发完就给断了一样。
单词举例：book [bʊk] n. 书,卷；cook [kʊk] vt. 烹调,煮
>（5）/ʌ/ 发音技巧
发音时舌尖和舌端两侧轻触下齿，唇形稍扁，开口度较大。这个发音有点像发“啊”音时突然被谁卡住了脖子的感觉。
单词举例：brother['brʌðə(r)] n. 哥哥，弟弟；mother [ˈmʌðə] n. 母亲
>（6）/e/发音技巧
发音时舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起，上下嘴张开的角度大约呈“45度”，同时发出声音。
单词举例：leg [leg] v. n. 腿,支柱； desk [desk] n. 书桌
>（7）/æ/发音技巧
发音时，向两边伸，张开嘴，嘴唇放松逐渐压低舌7和下颚，尽可能夸张。
单词举例：bad [bæd] ：adj. 坏的,不好的；cat [kæt] ：n. 猫，猫科动物
>双元音
点击这个习双元音发音。《【【英语基础】英语音标-8个双元音的发音-哔哩哔哩】 s://b23.tv/VQsPDdl》
8个双元音发音技巧：/eɪ/、/aɪ/、/ɔɪ/、/ɪə/、/eə/、/ʊə/、/əʊ/、/aʊ/
（1）/eɪ/发音技巧
该音是个双元音，发音时稍扁，口形从半开到合。类似于英文字母“A”。
单词举例：say[sei] v.说；delay[diˈlei] n. 延迟
>（2）/aɪ/发音技巧
发此音的关键是要把/a/音发足，接近于英文字母中的“I”。
单词举例： [ais] n. 冰，雪糕；side [said] n. 面，边
>（3）/ɔɪ/发音技巧
发音时从圆到扁，口形从开到合。接近于汉语发音“奥一”。
单词举例：oil [ɔil] n. 油，石油；noise [nɔɪz] n. 噪音，嘈杂声
>（4）/ɪə/发音技巧
发声时，由个音[i]向[ə]集中，接近于汉语发音“一呃”。
单词举例：fear [fɪər] ：n. 害怕，可能性；dear [dɪər] ：adj. 亲爱的
>（5）/eə/发音技巧
接近于汉语发音“哎呃”。
单词举例：bear [bɛə] ：n. 熊；wear [wɛə] ：vt. 穿着
>（6）/ʊə/发音技巧
个是“短乌音”/u/，第二个是/ə/。类似于汉语发音“屋呃”。
单词举例：sure [ʃʊər] adj. 确信的，确实的；pure [pjʊər] adj. 纯的； 单纯的
>（7）/əʊ/发音技巧
舌位由半低到高，口形由半开到小。接近于汉语发音“呃屋”。
单词举例： flow [fləu] ：vi. 流；glow [ɡləʊ] ：vi. 发光，灼热
>（8）/aʊ/发音技巧
由个音向第二个音滑动，接近于汉语发音“啊屋”。
单词举例：cow [kaʊ] n. 奶牛，乳牛；hour [aʊər] n. 小时，钟
>辅音
点击这个习辅音发音。《【英语音标（辅音部分），发音规则与技巧！美式发音，地道口语！清辅音，浊辅音！初级，零基础，欢迎新！-哔哩哔哩】 s://b23.tv/dCgZVAA》
11个清辅音 /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/ /h/
11个浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/ /r/
注意：
清辅音：发音时送气，声带不颤动（颤不颤用放在喉咙上就知道了）
浊辅音：发音时不送气(拿张纸放在嘴前，纸没有被吹开)，声带颤动。
（1）/p/ /b/谐音分别为“普”、“卜”，都省去韵母成分
发音方法：/p/是清辅音，声带不振动；/b/是浊辅音，声带振动。
单词举例：/p/：pen [pen] n.钢笔；pin [pin] n.大针
/b/：bike [baik] n.自行车；beg [beg] v.乞求
>>（2）/t/ /d/分别谐音“特”、“得”。
发音方法：/t/是清辅音，声带不振动；/d/是浊辅音，声带振动。
单词举例：/t/ ：ten [ten] num； test [test] n. 试验, 考验
/d/： student [ˈstudnt] n.生； date [deɪt] n.日期、日子、约见时间 v.注明日期、写上日期
>>（3）/k/ /g/分别谐音“可”、“嗝”。
发音方法：发音时舌后部隆起紧贴软颚，憋住气，然后突然分开，气流送出口腔，形成音。/k/是清辅音，声带不要振动；/g/是浊辅音，声带需要振动。
单词举例：/k/ ：kite [kait] n. 风筝；cake [keɪk] n. 蛋糕
/g/： glove [ɡlʌv] n. 套；girl [ɡə:l] n. 女孩
>>（4）/f/ /v/
/f/谐音“府”，/v/就是北方人把W读成V那种感觉。
发音方法：发音前，上齿咬住下嘴唇，然后使气流由唇齿间的缝隙中通过，从而引起摩擦。
/f/是清辅音，发音时声带不震动；/v/是浊辅音，发音时声带振动。
单词举例：/f/：flower ['flaʊər] n. 花；fly [flai] vi.飞, 飞行
/v/：love [lʌv] v. 爱；seven [ˈsevən] num. 七
>>(5)/θ/ /ð/ 牙齿轻咬舌尖发出的音
发音方法：发音时，舌尖微微伸出，置于上下门齿之间，舌尖和下齿之间的气流通道非常窄小，气流从舌齿间的窄缝中通过。/θ/是清辅音，发音时声带不振动；/ð/是浊辅音，发音时声带振动。
单词举例：/θ/：three [θri:] num. 三； throw [θrəʊ] vi. 投掷
/ð/：this [ðɪs] pron. 这,这个，这里； mother [ˈmʌðə(r)] n. 母亲
>>(6)/s/ 谐音“丝”，/z/“zi”
发音方法：发音时舌端靠近齿龈，气流由舌端齿龈间送出。/s/是清辅音，声带不振动；/z/是浊浦音，声带振动。
单词举例：/s/：school [sku:l] n. 校，院；bus [bʌs] n. 公共汽车
/z/：please [pli:z] int.请；zoo [zu:] n.动物园
>>(7)/ts/ /dz/分别谐音“次”、“自”
发音方法：舌端先贴住上齿龈，堵住气流，气流送出口腔。/ts/是清辅音，声带不振动，/dz/是浊辅音，声带振动。
单词举例：/ts/：cats [kæts] n. 猫( cat的名词复数 )；hats [hæts] n. 帽子( hat的名词复数 )
/dz/：hands [hændz] n.；lands [lændz] n.陆地
>>(8)/tr/ /dr/分别谐音“戳”、“捉”
发音方法：舌尖贴齿龈后部，气流冲破发出短促的/t/后立即发/r/。/tr/是清辅音，声带不振动；/dr/是浊辅音，声带振动。
单词举例：/tr/ : tree [tri:] n. 树，木料；try [traɪ] vt.& vi. 试图
/dr/：dress [dres] n.连衣裙；drink [drɪŋk] v.喝酒
>>(9)/∫/ /ʒ/分别谐音“诗”、“日”
发音方法：/∫/是清辅音，声带不振动；/ʒ/是浊辅音，声带振动。
单词举例：/∫/：English [ˈɪŋglɪʃ] adj. 英格兰的； 英国的；rubbish [ˈrʌbɪʃ] n. 垃圾；
/ʒ/：pleasure [ˈpleʒə] n.快乐，愉快；casual [ˈkæʒuəl] adj意外的，偶然的
>>（10）/t∫/ /dʒ/分别谐音“”、“之”
发音方法：发音时舌身抬高，舌端抵上齿龈后部，气流通过时发出破擦音。/t∫/是清辅音，声带不振动；/dʒ/是浊辅音，声带振动。
单词举例：/t∫/： chalk [tʃɔ:k] n. 粉笔；chair [tʃeər] n. 椅子
/dʒ/：page [peɪdʒ] n.页 ；age [eɪdʒ] n.年龄
>>(11)/h/ /r/分别谐音“呵”、“若”，省去韵母成分。
发音方法：
发/h/这个音时，嘴半开，气流从口腔不受而出，声带不振动，清辅音。
发/r/这个音时，舌端上卷，靠近上齿龈附近，嘴唇张开并保持略圆状态，气流从口腔涌出，声带振动，属于浊辅音。
单词举例: /h/： hair [heə(r)] n.发；hate [heɪt] v.恨，厌恶
/r/： sorry ['sɒrɪ] v.对不起 ；write [raɪt] v.写
>>鼻音
点击这个习鼻音发音。《【（21）鼻音 m n ŋ | 英语音标发音口型示范 | 美式发音-哔哩哔哩】 s://b23.tv/8P1jfXx》
(1)/m/谐音“恩”
发音方法：紧闭，软腭下垂，气流从鼻腔发出，声带震动。闭口音。
单词举例：major [ˈmeɪdʒə(r)] adj.主要的；time [taɪm] n.时间
>(2)/n/谐音“呢”
发音方法：舌尖顶住上齿龈，形成，气流从鼻腔发出，同时声带震动，开口音。
单词举例：n [naɪc] adj.漂亮的；funny [ˈfʌni] adj.有趣的
>(3)/ŋ/谐音“英”，省去声母部分
发音方法：发音时气流从鼻腔涌出，声带振动。
单词举例： think [θɪŋk] v.想；angel [ˈeɪndʒl] n.
>边音
点击这个习边音发音。《【真正的音标-边音 Lateral-哔哩哔哩】 s://b23.tv/G9C7X9F》
/l/谐音“里”
发音方法：舌尖顶住上齿龈，发音时气流从舌面的两侧通过，声带保持震动，属于浊辅音。
单词举例：light [laɪt] n.光线 ；ball [bɔ:l] n.球
>半元音
点击这个习半元音发音。《【BBC英语 其他辅音 半元音'w'的发音 与'v'的区别 音标发音｜Pronunciation Tips 34 - Other Consonant-哔哩哔哩】 s://b23.tv/fC2pYDl》
/j/谐音“耶”
发音方法：发音时声带震动，气流口腔发出。浊辅音，发音口型类似/ i/.
单词举例：ye [jes] adv.是的；young [jʌŋ] adj.年轻的
>/w/谐音“屋”
发音方法：嘴唇张开到刚好可以一根吸管的程度，并向前微噘起，但上齿不能接触下唇,立刻滑向其后的元音。
单词举例：wish [wɪʃ] ：v. 希望； which [wɪtʃ] ：pron. 哪一个
>习步骤
抄写
抄写音标，并了解音标特点。
对音标的基本认知
1、区别长短音带“：”的音标发音相对较长不带“：”的音标发音相对较短。
2、区别清辅音和浊辅音核心区别：清辅音声带不震动，浊辅音声带振动。
模仿练习
找合适的习习跟读。例如b站上《【赖世雄48个英语音标朗读示范，美音英音对照版-哔哩哔哩】 【s://b23.tv/sHYQFZ3】》、《【李咏梅老师英语（音标部分）——的初中英语老师！没有之一！李咏梅音标 （完整版发音篇）-哔哩哔哩】 s://b23.tv/U1pmjNE》、《【英式发音】这是BBC出品的到现在为止的英语发音教程（完整版）-哔哩哔哩】 s://b23.tv/gZzDKl5》，以上几个都非常不错，详细讲解每个音标的读法。注意一定至少跟读5遍，才能确保你的习效果。
也可以通过下面这个观察发音口型的变化。
《【48个英语音标示范读音-哔哩哔哩】 s://b23.tv/mt9vVaK》
1、模仿练习，习音标的发音，要注意观察老师的口型，观察发音部位的变化，主动模仿发音，初可以对着镜子模仿练习，特别是元音发音的舌位高低，口腔开口度大小与音色关系十分密切，可以通过镜子观察口型上的区别，观察舌尖、舌面、舌叶的活动情况，比如u和o、i和e、e和ε等等，掌握准确口腔开口度，对于准确发音具有非常重要的意义。
2、听音训练:习音标需要认识48个音标，通过反复的听力练习，达到强化记忆。听音训练，如果有条件，可以多听老师朗读音标，也可以使用录音带听音，本课件中的每个音素，都可以倾听，强化记忆。
3、多动口，动口是加强实践的关键和核心，听音也好，模仿也好，比较也好，最终要归结到自己发音这一目标上来，所以勤动口是掌握音标发音的关键。俗话说，"三天不写生，三天不念口生"，说的就是要加强动动口能力的培养。因此习音标，要时时加强语音训练，勤动口，实践练习，在实践中比较，在实践中会差别，做到熟能生巧，这样自然就掌握音标的发音了。
重点音标讲解
单元音
[i:] =“一”
[ɪ]：[ɪ]开口要比[i:]稍大，注意比较两图口型。
>[e] 嘴张45°，[æ]嘴张90°
>[ɜ:r] [ər]=“二”
[ə]=额（不卷舌）
>[ʌ]：开口比“啊”略小
[ɑ:r]=卷舌的“啊”
>>[ɑ] =“啊”
[ɔ] =开口稍大的“哦”
[ɔ:r]=卷舌的“哦”
>>>[u:]核心：由半开微突，过渡到合嘴圆唇
[ʊ] 发成噘嘴的[ə],气流向外。
双元音
双元音较简单，大多数可进行类比，注意双元音的重音在个音标，即前一个音读的稍重，后一个音读的较轻。
[eɪ]=“A”
[aɪ]=“I”
[əʊ]=“O”
[ɔɪ]=“哦一”
[ɪə]=ear
[eə]=air
[ʊə]=“乌尔”
辅音
大部分辅音跟“汉语拼音”都有相似之处，直接看模仿即可，这里只讲解易错发音。
音：
[t] [p] [k] 不要读成[tə] [pə] [kə] 注意：它们声带不震动
摩擦音：
[f][v] 咬唇音，注意上齿咬下唇
>[θ][ð]
上下齿轻咬舌，发音时能看到你的舌露出
>[ʃ]=不发音的“诗” [ʒ]= “日”
>[r]=撅嘴＋卷舌的“热” [h]=不发音＋舌放的“喝”
鼻音
[m] 合嘴
[n] 舌前部抵住上颚
[ŋ] 嘴巴张开
>>>舌侧音[l]
元音前：跟拼音“l”发音一致元音后：发“l”的前半段
半元音
[j] “也”
[w] =圆唇噘嘴的“我”
破擦音
[tʃ]= 不发声的“”
[dʒ]= “居”
[ts]=不发声的“次”
[dz]=“子”
[tr] 先发“t”，在发“r”，最后结合在一起
[dr] 同上
词汇拼读
1、规划拼读任务，拿出单词书或课本词汇表，找只含1~2个音节的单词拼读，20个为一组，每天练习3组，当然如果有时间，多进行几组也OK，加果。后期难度逐渐加大。
2、输入法识别词汇，每拼读一个词汇，都对着X飞输入法的语音识别功能朗读，看能否被输入法识别出单词，用机器来检测是否读的准确。
3、听词汇跟读，不管输入法识别出单词，还是没识别出单词，都要查机字典，来听一遍听力，并跟读，模仿语调和轻重读音。
例如：Cash driver apartment money breakfast lawyer agency
习计划
1、音标，一共48个，每天4个，12天完，元音和辅音每天各习两个。
2、完以后结合和音标相关的单词，每天坚持读一个小时，第二天要把天的一块儿读，第三天要把前两天的一块儿读，依次类推，坚持完所有的音标，就可以读字典上任何一个单词。
3、长期坚持下去，会发现其实很多字母和音标有着关联，比如ph都发音标f的音，字母u发尖a的音，类似的规律，当大家坚持下来以后会发现很多，同时你甚至可以听到单词的发音就能把单词拼出来，直接就把背单词的问题解决了，音标会读，单词会读，单词会背，听力当然也不再是问题。自己总结出来的规律说明真的会了，同时自己得出来的结论要比老师直接告诉你印象更深刻，同时的是用起来更容易。
注意事项
1、了解发音要领，模仿老师口型
习语音，一定要注意口型，并仔细揣摩每个音标的发音要领，特别是相似音标的发音区别。
零基础员不要以为盯着老师的口型就好了，其实发音很多都是内部看不到的， 所以需要老师正确的发音示范，跟着老师一起读，然后再加上老师给的一些技巧，继续跟读，老师感觉哪有问题，再帮着纠正，这样一系列过程才是练成标准发音的秘籍。
2、 单词拼读实战，一对一纠正错误
养成一口口语的还是练习练习再练习，单词拼读实战训练，巩固你的发音。不断读，不断纠正，训练单个音标到训练多个单词，在习语音的过程中，再掌握一些基础的词汇。
3、辩音练习，纠正错误，掌握发音规律
训练难度会随着课程的深入不断加强，但还是训练相同的内容，一节课很多类似的训练内容。音标中很多类似的发音，将相似音放在一起对比再练习，舌和耳朵在这很重要。
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","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"":"s://b23.tv/mt9vVaK"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"s://b23.tv/mt9vVaK","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AqckdkO2SoWKyoxQJlCcXjKcn4f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"元音部分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MsOsda4UyoA0yUx4xP6czKClnJg"},,"attrs":{"height":345,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"元音部分","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a663fdb6f1284e47acca44c09060b0a2","width":694},"text":"","id":"AEKudCk2So0cmMxCAIeceBvxnjf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音部分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KisEdmSmgogIwoxC4ZMcG3QknLe"},,"attrs":{"height":601,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音部分","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7467dcbf994549a5a6381df079b4301f","width":561},"text":"","id":"PAIEdU6suogWcexSCXRc664TnUf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音标的分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YouadwUQwosyeyxasemc2PIHn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"的分类方式是：元音=长元音+短元音+双元音；辅音=清辅音+浊辅音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IwWMdM0y4okSc6xUXz8cZOKMnWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"英语一共有48个音标，包括20个元音，28个辅音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZEYEdomcAoIWSIx0gs6ctJvEnHg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"20个元音包括5个长元音：/i:/、/ɜ:/、/u:/、/a:/、/ɔ:/；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TOEMdsCmEo8wmuxy9sgchI0Dncu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7个短元音：[i] [ə] [ɔ] [u] [ʌ] [e] [æ]；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JSgsdwwsWoc2i8xcLMycBbyfnae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8个双元音：/eɪ、/aɪ/、/ɔɪ/、/ɪə/、/eə/、/ʊə/、/əʊ/、/aʊ/；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FEqydSEaYoYgAExG0OJcpQCinVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QgMudGYi4ooOcUxmocWcCoCEn1I"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、长元音顾名思义就是发的音比较长而饱满；短元音则发的音比较短而急；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CUm2dg0ayooas8xw7mKc1LHmnHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、双元音就是两个单元音拼在一起，成为组合音。双元音发音的特点是前面的单元音发音长，后面的发音比较短。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L6kydWcCEosSoGx4YDdcStKNnRb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"28个辅音包括：轻辅音/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/ /h/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AIKwdykA4ogsCMxghM8cwNI2ndd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/ /r/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EKwedeuCIoQOQOxsPGjcKnRinVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音 /m/ /n/ /ŋ/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NsCOdg4ACo2C8cxYDOvc9jprnMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"半元音 /j/ /w/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YgEed6IysogkMcxCm9rcZCI9nMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"边音 /ǀ/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UkYUdw6iMoqSiqxwvFGcq3HTnTb"},,"attrs":{"height":551,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音标的分类","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6872a8bb79f14f40989a6ed6bc41be7a","width":720},"text":"","id":"C4qGduOAkoiWuQx0ixicZGvqnPh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VYc4dsOwco02wAxAp27chauenkc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"长元音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MI8CdGMgmoi24ox6Isuc2rBwnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点击这个习长元音发音。《【元音音标（长元音）-哔哩哔哩】 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发光，灼热","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BKa0dKw0qoIKk2xYZC6cRR28n5b"},,"attrs":{"height":305,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/02a605adae3540e89ce2893523886858","width":451},"text":"","id":"NM2wdK6S2oeIQYxCgOxcYt4snue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（8）/aʊ/发音技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V4eedMomYoYYUUx8kmacWlySn9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由个音向第二个音滑动，接近于汉语发音“啊屋”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kuy8dSgWgoKKG0xlGmGcJFU1nm7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例：cow [kaʊ] n. 奶牛，乳牛；hour [aʊər] n. 小时，钟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EG88doWaio0GUwx0M5Yc3mtvnwb"},,"attrs":{"height":336,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1955882da7c54a7d936a2a26325b2b9c","width":500},"text":"","id":"V04od2GkKokq6WxuazbctmCGnmh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PiwcdwQoMwgsx0yFucrIYUnih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点击这个习辅音发音。《【英语音标（辅音部分），发音规则与技巧！美式发音，地道口语！清辅音，浊辅音！初级，零基础，欢迎新！-哔哩哔哩】 ","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"":"s://b23.tv/dCgZVAA"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"s://b23.tv/dCgZVAA","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DAMod2AYQoGwMYxmm7pcZVEgnRd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11个清辅音 /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /ts/ /tʃ/ /tr/ /h/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JY04deUyUo4SOIx00V9cNrjgn2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11个浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /dz/ /dʒ/ /dr/ /r/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aya6dI06WoYGm0xgFG8cd2RWnVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DCAKdYKa6o6CskxSKjOcMmqYnxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"清辅音：发音时送气，声带不颤动（颤不颤用放在喉咙上就知道了）","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V4c8d0oaKoiiasxSJbIchpn8z"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"浊辅音：发音时不送气(拿张纸放在嘴前，纸没有被吹开)，声带颤动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C6msd8Wsao4MCox3aGXchxhTnit"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（1）/p/ /b/谐音分别为“普”、“卜”，都省去韵母成分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WqgqdeYCwoquUGxIpR6cp8i9n6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法：/p/是清辅音，声带不振动；/b/是浊辅音，声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q2iUduAywo0QcsxAPIvcauRYn1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例：/p/：pen [pen] n.钢笔；pin [pin] n.大针","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6YGdymweowsukxi0Chcjet4nbe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/b/：bike [baik] n.自行车；beg [beg] v.乞求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IukEd2acUomqsix61ZlcYRZgntc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":291,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/606b063e5abc4abda1a64a5bcd15ed33","width":453},"text":"","id":"GAAodsy42oGcEOxqesecgGainDg"},,"attrs":{"height":279,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/62b2c2ff83cd446e913fc3894b60f5ed","width":453},"text":"","id":"LocqdA2WqoWwOmx4iqoc1Co1nzd"}],"text":"","id":"OUu0dw0IUoCAoKxWuwQcERpSn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（2）/t/ /d/分别谐音“特”、“得”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OUu0dw0IUoCAoKxWuwQcERpSn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法：/t/是清辅音，声带不振动；/d/是浊辅音，声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WqgudmymyoWeMyxG4qAcXd5Nn3f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例：/t/ ：ten [ten] num； test [test] n. 试验, 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/g/分别谐音“可”、“嗝”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DedqwyMooIEkxIKJIcVruHnlb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法：发音时舌后部隆起紧贴软颚，憋住气，然后突然分开，气流送出口腔，形成音。/k/是清辅音，声带不要振动；/g/是浊辅音，声带需要振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CiO0dy8SCoiem2xKge6ccUbyn7e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例：/k/ ：kite [kait] n. 风筝；cake [keɪk] n. 蛋糕","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FUQodyeyyoWuQAx2JGYcZNT1nqd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/g/： glove [ɡlʌv] n. 套；girl [ɡə:l] n. 女孩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AQIOdQAAIoSki6xy8ITcIpXtnmh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":305,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/14d7ac9a6f4f404893f06bdabb1aa226","width":490},"text":"","id":"Emi6dSeEKo2WoixmcDrcz6VHnU6"},,"attrs":{"height":304,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/06964c4beb5c4fce98d2def6ba8ebbca","width":493},"text":"","id":"DYMkdcSk4oSS0AxYncocwbmfnZc"}],"text":"","id":"DySedIAYgoKsywxoVI4cNSDinKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（4）/f/ /v/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DySedIAYgoKsywxoVI4cNSDinKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/f/谐音“府”，/v/就是北方人把W读成V那种感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"oKdAUgYoGIyExI5y6cPFHfnPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法：发音前，上齿咬住下嘴唇，然后使气流由唇齿间的缝隙中通过，从而引起摩擦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RM62de2eqoAkcixAxO3c7o2nn2b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/f/是清辅音，发音时声带不震动；/v/是浊辅音，发音时声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AGkSdk02UoUYoqx87ogcwnwpnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例：/f/：flower ['flaʊər] n. 花；fly [flai] vi.飞, 飞行","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DmI8dMaAyocKYixCAJOcvEDznmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/v/：love [lʌv] v. 爱；seven [ˈsevən] num. 七","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CaQOdgSIQogyCOxO4sGcBbGqnkg"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":307,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8ce3c52756514e448ddc1d518e55ecdf","width":450},"text":"","id":"Pam6duQkAoyQ6Oxq6dwcgin7nTe"},,"attrs":{"height":307,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0d517eafc9904db59404a654d6aabfd9","width":499},"text":"","id":"A6ugd446kocAo6xgNYQcDw1hnId"}],"text":"","id":"XICgdYG6eowkcoxiK6zcQDIVn3f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)/θ/ /ð/ 牙齿轻咬舌尖发出的音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XICgdYG6eowkcoxiK6zcQDIVn3f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法：发音时，舌尖微微伸出，置于上下门齿之间，舌尖和下齿之间的气流通道非常窄小，气流从舌齿间的窄缝中通过。/θ/是清辅音，发音时声带不振动；/ð/是浊辅音，发音时声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XmG0de0CookKwKxgJVJctctcnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例：/θ/：three [θri:] num. 三； throw [θrəʊ] vi. 投掷","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BQUadqEywoMcs2xEtzIc5zkmnfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/ð/：this [ðɪs] pron. 这,这个，这里； mother [ˈmʌðə(r)] n. 母亲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NGMedc0I2oEIOEx6qDWc6Ca4nwg"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":430,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/50168da9a42b477395fa447a59aadf00","width":640},"text":"","id":"TS0MdAOiIoWak2x4Fr2cXJLRneg"},,"attrs":{"height":,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fe852c5bda9443b4b98bcb1ed73950ab","width":456},"text":"","id":"Y6o6dYI68oOO4ixYzmUcUdwlnHg"}],"text":"","id":"MCEgdOoEkoUE2qxAtnfcviE7nSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(6)/s/ 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n.动物园","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IgmKdaGiooyg8ExgVM2cEGJAnoh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":271,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9a735a6fd556430899e72f213603429c","width":453},"text":"","id":"IYIEdaM6co0Mo6xsd9CcEcfGnrf"},,"attrs":{"height":217,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cbd3bbe2132a47e09a970ca158685fd7","width":454},"text":"","id":"S6C8duMs0omqiKxkfZncVmJSnIb"}],"text":"","id":"RKu4dWEeIo4Og6xqiP7cXVdwnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(7)/ts/ /dz/分别谐音“次”、“自”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RKu4dWEeIo4Og6xqiP7cXVdwnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法：舌端先贴住上齿龈，堵住气流，气流送出口腔。/ts/是清辅音，声带不振动，/dz/是浊辅音，声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wu2AdkuSioKeekxGWiWcUNN1nFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例：/ts/：cats [kæts] n. 猫( cat的名词复数 )；hats [hæts] n. 帽子( hat的名词复数 ) ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DOksdQsWUoKGA2xETz0chmFantf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/dz/：hands [hændz] n.；lands [lændz] n.陆地","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CMmSdKgc0oK828xcVxeci6yGnOg"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":289,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8fdc13488fbc4d59a98f9f0713aefe7c","width":450},"text":"","id":"P8KydWaQYo8qWUxQppkc4qdhngb"},,"attrs":{"height":276,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c7a93711b0e46cc83a527c60d527179","width":451},"text":"","id":"PkmQd6QMeoIcCIxoQSfcvdqVnmb"}],"text":"","id":"Ng8qda44kouo0UxWAN2cpPcpnkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(8)/tr/ /dr/分别谐音“戳”、“捉”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ng8qda44kouo0UxWAN2cpPcpnkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法：舌尖贴齿龈后部，气流冲破发出短促的/t/后立即发/r/。/tr/是清辅音，声带不振动；/dr/是浊辅音，声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GSKsdMQi0o82OexWotqcSV0KnVc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例：/tr/ : tree [tri:] n. 树，木料；try [traɪ] vt.\u0026 vi. 试图 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GGkKdsqAqo0C8WxqIJucE48Anzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/dr/：dress [dres] n.连衣裙；drink [drɪŋk] 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垃圾；","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FGIidicIkoCGCKxKo0PcQBYlnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/ʒ/：pleasure [ˈpleʒə] n.快乐，愉快；casual [ˈkæʒuəl] adj意外的，偶然的","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MwwIdAKiooqy2Cxak94c5PDbnGg"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":285,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8f332b0d40c74d34ae86cb1fa3ca05e7","width":454},"text":"","id":"DwsYdMccsog0iYxsfcHUVinNH"},,"attrs":{"height":228,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f540e592612a4386a861f7ad67e4073c","width":453},"text":"","id":"iYdkQoGoGQe0xKa7JcQsU3n3d"}],"text":"","id":"SMc2d28g4oE0muxS4CIcteUNn3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"（10）/t∫/ /dʒ/分别谐音“”、“之”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SMc2d28g4oE0muxS4CIcteUNn3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法：发音时舌身抬高，舌端抵上齿龈后部，气流通过时发出破擦音。/t∫/是清辅音，声带不振动；/dʒ/是浊辅音，声带振动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U0gWdO4iMoCAaoxYfM3cC5m6n7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例：/t∫/： chalk [tʃɔ:k] n. 粉笔；chair [tʃeər] n. 椅子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NK0ydWy0SoseSyxGoJMcJWW5nLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/dʒ/：page [peɪdʒ] n.页 ；age [eɪdʒ] 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i/.","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QmQMd4CA2o0cWYxeKdicdK2bn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例：ye [jes] adv.是的；young [jʌŋ] adj.年轻的","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KEWidUWoGoamgQxmw03cCYVqnkd"},,"attrs":{"height":275,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"半元音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/225dc1955f054974a842c952f4f410d4","width":454},"text":"","id":"ZQasdYIoqo46xOoZPcbpW9nPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"/w/谐音“屋”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M0oudgMQGoOYKQxobhpceOocnjg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音方法：嘴唇张开到刚好可以一根吸管的程度，并向前微噘起，但上齿不能接触下唇,立刻滑向其后的元音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E6sYdKOuGoG2eWxMV8gc1I5Lngc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单词举例：wish [wɪʃ] ：v. 希望； which [wɪtʃ] ：pron. 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【","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"":"s://b23.tv/sHYQFZ3"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"s://b23.tv/sHYQFZ3","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"】》、《【李咏梅老师英语（音标部分）——的初中英语老师！没有之一！李咏梅音标 （完整版发音篇）-哔哩哔哩】 ","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"":"s://b23.tv/U1pmjNE"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"s://b23.tv/U1pmjNE","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》、《【英式发音】这是BBC出品的到现在为止的英语发音教程（完整版）-哔哩哔哩】 ","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"":"s://b23.tv/gZzDKl5"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"s://b23.tv/gZzDKl5","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"》，以上几个都非常不错，详细讲解每个音标的读法。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"注意一定至少跟读5遍，才能确保你的习效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KS4ydK4S6oiIQmxu0vncRSQHnMd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也可以通过下面这个观察发音口型的变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IuCAd8Eeao4kYCxCirecwybinKd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《【48个英语音标示范读音-哔哩哔哩】 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=“啊”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GOUkd82oyoSQK2xGU3Yc38ITngg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ɔ] =开口稍大的“哦”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BY4wdeQqqoy6C6xqo3wc8LQdnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ɔ:r]=卷舌的“哦”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VieGd4caOoI2eIxKk63cHfKcnEh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":110,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/47f4542a00f04f7aae6be6656657cf8c","width":114},"text":"","id":"IE8cdeAC4oMySuxgcAocFfSanZ3"},,"attrs":{"height":110,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/710b04be027845d7be2106e9bbeb33a3","width":104},"text":"","id":"XmK2diS0YoCssGx8z5CcCyTSnad"},,"attrs":{"height":110,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/710b04be027845d7be2106e9bbeb33a3","width":104},"text":"","id":"XmK2diS0YoCssGx8z5CcCyTSnad"},,"attrs":{"height":110,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"单元音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/89ec169b38a04ab99190b396206e9400","width":98},"text":"","id":"UyMSdui2WoASQExMfVZcTvLqnrd"}],"text":"","id":"T8sYd4Wu8oaAOIxMxS7cIc9snLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[u:]核心：由半开微突，过渡到合嘴圆唇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8sYd4Wu8oaAOIxMxS7cIc9snLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ʊ] 发成噘嘴的[ə],气流向外。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C4EUdoaeCoGgg2xA94WcKc7XnVg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RGS8duyAEoSGqgxas3DcrumNnog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"双元音较简单，大多数可进行类比，注意双元音的重音在个音标，即前一个音读的稍重，后一个音读的较轻。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ww4IdocgUoaaeAxYJjwcra66neh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[eɪ]=“A”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TciidSSSmoKY6MxOmfycHajin1A"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[aɪ]=“I”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QyWEdEi4eo0WC4xYBXWcKXKJn3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[əʊ]=“O”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OaqodkkAWoIIwixUvLJciK9Dnbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ɔɪ]=“哦一”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EIkGdeWMMoCgCKxujKucWEgXnl7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ɪə]=ear","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E6Wedoq6Go4KQKx0OLvcGKWAnNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[eə]=air","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WKsUdcKGSouW0exi9cPsZcnWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ʊə]=“乌尔”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JMWSdYuUAo84WexU5RncsFdWnYe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6SAdQWcYoe2WexqIZ7cCguWnbd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大部分辅音跟“汉语拼音”都有相似之处，直接看模仿即可，这里只讲解易错发音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WOS4dUWgKoegoQxoBW1c0scNnCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AGwkdoY06oeKEExaYJdcMIPWnyc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[t] [p] [k] 不要读成[tə] [pə] [kə] 注意：它们声带不震动","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LqIEdUkemo8g6Gx2j13czIRNn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"摩擦音：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAkqdWaUkoe4oQx6CBicKu6JnIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[f][v] 咬唇音，注意上齿咬下唇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UMwCdEUkWoQ6uQxwJcscTdTUnrd"},,"attrs":{"height":146,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2ad2d1355a204bcbae724b0dc07ceb1b","width":248},"text":"","id":"QugUdOeOOoC8yAxzSjzcPmdenp5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[θ][ð]","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BoGUd4UcUoS2eSxig5ac7Oh0nPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"上下齿轻咬舌，发音时能看到你的舌露出","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YesIdOoy4oEWmax6YWXcvXUSn1g"},,"attrs":{"height":125,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fb45b894066748d99889cbe3cbcf925d","width":239},"text":"","id":"XM0idmGoWosKc0xkOwdckSZZnUx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ʃ]=不发音的“诗” [ʒ]= “日”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BC0IdUyW4oiyGqxMzvxcAjzpnIg"},,"attrs":{"height":144,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"辅音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c8f6dc95aeda44ba960be5c6b0ae01ba","width":278},"text":"","id":"DSW8dw0eQoyYAIx87UScLiJbnvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[r]=撅嘴＋卷舌的“热” [h]=不发音＋舌放的“喝”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HMsYdguS0osqikxYJjncCMxjnie"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QYkOdgowEo6mSExYBRPc5wiznOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[m] 合嘴","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LeSWdaaQkouGaMxKWxWcL08ense"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[n] 舌前部抵住上颚","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XmKIdKGsiooa6ix6RbecaOExnUd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ŋ] 嘴巴张开","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xcusd4giYokcyGxKw8JccJM3nxd"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6809d9fd4d604c999772a6441dca8739","width":157},"text":"","id":"HEw2dqIAYoysEoxiySQcHndjnud"},,"attrs":{"height":114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6fa595b78ba94c89aadb1b2da94aaa69","width":157},"text":"","id":"CiAOdC6iooIYUEx0Yq6cvTGhnGd"},,"attrs":{"height":114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6fa595b78ba94c89aadb1b2da94aaa69","width":157},"text":"","id":"CiAOdC6iooIYUEx0Yq6cvTGhnGd"},,"attrs":{"height":114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5675b8cf0d67465db9106dd349b765ab","width":165},"text":"","id":"ICYydaeeyosCAQxq6mDcf2cJnvb"}],"text":"","id":"IM4QdgE82oU0wAxkvaac1cYYnPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"舌侧音[l]","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IM4QdgE82oU0wAxkvaac1cYYnPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"元音前：跟拼音“l”发音一致元音后：发“l”的前半段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UAW4dyoO6ouEMwxU9DycGSVfnTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"半元音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VYiUdiuoAoc0SkxJxQ7cKyODnHH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[j] “也”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MiEYdKWOGoYoCsxaALDcfRxtn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[w] =圆唇噘嘴的“我”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Eakqd8i8gomqCCx0C5ScvszAn3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"破擦音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PWgEdOqSCo2cwaxgnVNcniofnCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[tʃ]= 不发声的“”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QUdIOmYo8CAEx2xyfcxw1EnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[dʒ]= “居”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XGoQdUkewoOKqwxg1NmcNvosncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[ts]=不发声的“次”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P8K6ducAkoeSccxsVFec10Icnve"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[dz]=“子”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V2CSdAm0ioYYcqxADoecjOXUn5T"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[tr] 先发“t”，在发“r”，最后结合在一起","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PMwOdSKYsoO6yyxKW0vcyzhxnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"[dr] 同上","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PqcCdaYuSosyuIx02oycX1iwnQh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"词汇拼读","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I0GedsKk0oUgoOxuyXccgX1vnGe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、规划拼读任务，拿出单词书或课本词汇表，找只含1~2个音节的单词拼读，20个为一组，每天练习3组，当然如果有时间，多进行几组也OK，加果。后期难度逐渐加大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YiK6dkyMqoE6KYxcZFecaO2Onic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、输入法识别词汇，每拼读一个词汇，都对着X飞输入法的语音识别功能朗读，看能否被输入法识别出单词，用机器来检测是否读的准确。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F82MdiS0OoEyEyxk1SicCu6vnaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、听词汇跟读，不管输入法识别出单词，还是没识别出单词，都要查机字典，来听一遍听力，并跟读，模仿语调和轻重读音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GcOsd4I80oaSsExCYAecvtgonmg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如：Cash driver apartment money breakfast lawyer agency ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UAkYd6KyoosOe8xyaEycPumwn0d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"习计划","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ig8edugQyogYa8xmCTpcTKcgnRf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、音标，一共48个，每天4个，12天完，元音和辅音每天各习两个。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kk6IdUSM0omgecxaQbkcSsZsnve"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、完以后结合和音标相关的单词，每天坚持读一个小时，第二天要把天的一块儿读，第三天要把前两天的一块儿读，依次类推，坚持完所有的音标，就可以读字典上任何一个单词。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QG6sdm2M4o68ouxYDuzcFDxhn9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、长期坚持下去，会发现其实很多字母和音标有着关联，比如ph都发音标f的音，字母u发尖a的音，类似的规律，当大家坚持下来以后会发现很多，同时你甚至可以听到单词的发音就能把单词拼出来，直接就把背单词的问题解决了，音标会读，单词会读，单词会背，听力当然也不再是问题。自己总结出来的规律说明真的会了，同时自己得出来的结论要比老师直接告诉你印象更深刻，同时的是用起来更容易。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Km8odoYG4omMG2xQjwvctwuOn8e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XS6WduK8gocSyQxwpyYc32mDnId"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、了解发音要领，模仿老师口型","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QaWwde6UQoWyyox8b3Yc0PnGngd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"习语音，一定要注意口型，并仔细揣摩每个音标的发音要领，特别是相似音标的发音区别。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jii2diEoMkQixoveicLaPdn7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"零基础员不要以为盯着老师的口型就好了，其实发音很多都是内部看不到的， 所以需要老师正确的发音示范，跟着老师一起读，然后再加上老师给的一些技巧，继续跟读，老师感觉哪有问题，再帮着纠正，这样一系列过程才是练成标准发音的秘籍。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pow0deEogocwqexqKJOchO9Qnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、 单词拼读实战，一对一纠正错误","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KqAmdu0E4oWkkExaukOcf14rnHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"养成一口口语的还是练习练习再练习，单词拼读实战训练，巩固你的发音。不断读，不断纠正，训练单个音标到训练多个单词，在习语音的过程中，再掌握一些基础的词汇。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B0cyd2a4kowyACxM4E2cCki4nsi"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、辩音练习，纠正错误，掌握发音规律","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AQWQdmkKmoYcqyxsrTAcvvH8nhy"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"训练难度会随着课程的深入不断加强，但还是训练相同的内容，一节课很多类似的训练内容。音标中很多类似的发音，将相似音放在一起对比再练习，舌和耳朵在这很重要。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LyKYdA4oIoQC8exa2vjcYOc1nle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G4aGdqMEMoO2AGxkzAkcWRvAnHd"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E如何国画？
国画是一件非常陶冶情的事情，不能解放人的天性，给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升，所作的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。
工具
首先要熟悉工具，选择一套合适的工具来作画。
笔
国画使用的笔统称为毛笔，根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。
软毫笔以羊毫为多，鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别，各有不同的表现力。
硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利，易于掌握和使用，其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。
兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成，此笔软硬适中，适于勾线，也适于渲染用。
画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔（1-2根）、大中小号白云羊毫笔（约3根）。
画写意，准备硬毫笔（长锋短锋各备一支），如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等，兼毫备一支即可。
提示
笔一开始不要买太多，常用的基本都是那几支。画熟练了再添置，书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。
>>笔架
笔架就是架笔之物，是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔，以免毛笔污损他物。
>调色盘
调色盘就是调和颜料的容器，是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形，呈梅花状，但也有方形或其他不规则形状，质地以陶瓷类较多，而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉，通常为初者或业余人士使用。
>>墨汁
传统绘画尤重用墨，笔以达气，墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵，求得生动是很重要的。之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化，可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨”。
以墨代色，力求单纯、明快、概括，是画的创造。以墨代色的不同变化，表现各种色彩感觉，富有浪漫主义的处理特色。画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束，代之以感情的意匠色彩。
推荐墨汁
墨有很多种，市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁，一得阁的云艳，红星墨液，墨汁，中华墨汁，曹素功墨汁，珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。
1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种：一种是红星玄宗，一种是进口玄宗，其特点是浓墨显得很厚重，淡墨显得很润泽，不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。
>2、一得阁墨汁，百年，低廉，高。代表性产品为云艳，其特点为，墨迹光亮、淡墨表现力强，层次感丰富、浓淡五色、书写流利等特点，美中不足的便是胶性比较大，易凝结。下图是用一得阁墨绘制的国画效果图。
>3、红星墨汁，安徽红星墨液公司出品。代表产品有两种，一种是红星墨液，另一种是玄宗墨液（国产），玄宗墨液（国产）跟红星墨液的区别在于黑度，玄宗墨液（国产）的黑度优于红星墨液，淡墨的层次，表现效果差，笔锋交叉处，呈现糊状。
>4、雄狮墨汁，，代表产品为雄狮书法墨汁，黑度，层次感强、浓淡五色、书写流利，合成树脂胶（零下20℃凝结），四季适宜书画，宜书宜裱。适宜练习、出一般作品和出贵重作品用，是票友和人士的。
>5、曹素功墨汁，国内。产品低廉。代表性产品为墨块。
>颜料
矿物颜料
矿物颜料有朱砂、赭石、石青、石绿、石黄、、金粉、银粉等。除赭石等少数矿物颜料外，多数矿物颜料都具有渗化性差、不透明性、遮盖力强等特点。由于这类颜料源于矿物质，虽经千年亦可保持其鲜艳色彩。
植物颜料
植物颜料有花青、藤黄、胭脂、洋红。植物颜料和化颜料渗化性较好，透明度高。除藤黄等少数颜料外，大多没有遮盖能力。故一般不宜以色盖色。这正是画必须下笔准确，忌修改的原因。
化颜料
化颜料有曙红、深红、大红、铬黄、天蓝。
特点及用途
赭石：矿物类，但其质较轻清，半透明，可单独使用，也可调和其他颜料后使用，是一种用途广泛的颜料。在淡彩山水中，常作为山石、树干主色，也可用于画夕阳反照下的远山。在花鸟画中，常与墨（调和后成为赭墨）或与其他色料调和，或混合使用，多用于画枝、干、翎毛。在人物画中，常用于人物皮肤底色。调入花青或绿色可用于画远山、老叶子。赭石加藤黄为赭黄，用于深秋黄叶、秋景中的土坡、草间细路。草绿中加入赭石调成苍绿，用于秋天石坡、土径。
朱膘：矿物类或人工合成。常与胭脂、洋红、藤黄调和使用。朱膘调墨可得厚重而偏亮的赭色。
朱砂：矿物类，为汞化物，近代也有人工合成的朱砂，遮盖力强，一般是单独使用，且多用浓重之原色点秋天红叶、花，亭台栏杆。不宜与石青、石绿调和使用。实际上，所有矿物颜料，除胭脂外，一般都不宜与植物色相调和。
石青：矿物类，遮盖力极强。在青绿山水中用于罩染突出部位的山石，是青绿山水之主色。在石青制作过程中，将石料研磨澄汰后，按其质地轻重，又可将石青分为青、二青、三青、四青。一般山水画只用质地较轻的二青、三青，多用于点夹叶、醒点苔。因石青相对粗糙，染山石时，一般要分几次逐步上足色彩，待遍干后再着第二遍，忌在未干时涂抹。
石绿：矿物类，遮盖力较强。澄汰后也可分为绿、二绿、三绿、四绿。绿质地较重，颜色较深，山水画中较少使用。二绿、三绿在淡彩、重彩山水画中使用较为广泛。石绿可与草绿（如花青加藤黄所调成的草绿）结合使用，此时需用套色法（或用草绿底，待干后罩石绿；或先用石绿涂，待干后再染草绿）。
石黄：矿物类，在山水画中用于点秋景夹叶、秋景苔。画成熟的庄稼可先用赭石、藤黄染湿后再点石黄以示成熟。
金粉：矿物类，除一般进口金粉外，还有佛赤泥金和青赤泥金，系用金箔研成，前者色正偏暖，后者发青偏冷。用于重彩山水画和工笔、人物、花鸟画，一般在勾线时方使用。
银粉：矿物类，用途与金粉类同。
：矿物类或人工合成，有铅白、锌白、蛤粉等，铅管所装的又称锌钛白。不透明。画云、雪、瀑布、花鸟、人物等均需用之。锌钛白还可与花青、藤黄、赭石乃至墨等调和使用，但其度较难把握。如画杨树干即可调入绿色。
花青：植物类或人工合成，半透明，可与藤黄、洋红、赭石、等多种颜料调和，用途极为广泛，画山、石、草、木、云、水等均需用花青或其调和色。与藤黄调和，依据比例不同可调和各种绿色。青花调墨后称花青墨，其色为墨绿（螺青）。与曙红或胭脂调和后为紫色。
藤黄：植物类，是藤本植物的树脂所制，有毒不能入口。铅管装藤黄有一定遮盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中，既可单独使用，又可与其他许多颜料或墨（可调成橄榄绿）调和使用，用途广泛。与洋红、朱膘或胭脂可调出橙色，与赭石调和可成檀色。
洋红：又称西洋红、曙红。植物类或人工合成，半透明，在花鸟画中，多单独或调和后，用于画花、红叶、蔬果，用途广泛。在山水画众多用于画亭台、屋顶、红叶等，在人物画众多用于面、唇、底饰等。
胭脂：植物类，为胭脂花制品，半透明。在山水画中用于春天的桃花与秋天的红叶，在花鸟画中可用于画紫红色蔬果、翎毛、花、叶、芽苞，也有用其点花心、勾叶筋的。在人物画中，可用于画人物、棉布、衣饰、花卉配景等。胭脂与曙红、朱膘可调出各种红色系的色相。调入墨则成紫色，调入赭则成赭色胭脂。
大红：与曙红色彩相近，略淡于曙红。用法与曙红类同。
颜色调法
颜料中任何一种颜色加入白色都会使之变为粉色或变淡颜色。本颜料与颜料之间可以任意调配使用，若要稀释时只要加少许清水即可。丙烯颜料在水分挥发后即干透，因此作画时对程序要心中有数，以使笔触衔接自然，达到预想效果。
1、草绿：约70％花青＋30％藤黄调配而成，画工笔花卉的叶子的色彩之一。
2、汁绿：约80％藤黄＋15％花青＋5％朱磦调和成的嫩绿色，常用来作为反叶的底色和嫩叶的底色。
3、老绿：草绿中微加墨或微加点胭脂，常用来罩染处于暗部的叶子色彩，薄薄的老绿也可用来渲染反叶。
4、檀香色：约70％藤黄＋20％朱磦＋10％三绿调配而成，加大量水以后常用来刷背景，也可作为嫩芽和托叶的底色。
5、米黄：约70％藤黄＋30％赭石，主要用来刷背景，在重彩画的绘制中一层米黄底色容易取得色彩和谐。
6、三绿：石绿＋白色而得，白色加的越多则就变成四绿、五绿等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。
7、老赭：朱磦＋墨调和而成，接近熟褐色。常用来提染枝干或提染叶面被虫咬蚀的部分。
8、胭脂水：胭脂色＋大量水调和而成。主要用来复勒线条，曙红水、花青水等说法同理
9、豆绿色（三绿＋藤黄＋少许酞青蓝）
10、墨红色（曙红＋稍许墨）
11、赭绿色（赭石＋草绿）。
12、古铜色（朱磦＋墨＋少许藤黄＋少许曙红）
13、汁绿色（草绿＋藤黄＋少许朱磦）
14、灰绿色（三绿＋少许墨）
15、芽绿色（汁绿＋藤黄）
16、米（藤黄＋朱磦＋少许墨）
17、桔（藤黄＋朱磦）
18、墨青色（花青＋墨）
19、藏青蓝（酞青蓝＋墨＋少许石青）
20、绛红色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许墨）
21、紫色（曙红＋少许酞青蓝）
22、墨绿色（草绿＋少许墨）
23、老绿色（草绿＋少许胭脂）
24、翠绿色（酞青蓝＋藤黄＋少许）
25、褐色（赭石＋墨）
26、檀香色（藤黄＋朱磦＋少许三绿）
27、蓝灰色（花青＋＋少许三青）
28、豆沙色（胭脂＋朱磦＋少许花青）
29、土红色（朱磦＋少许胭脂）
30、青绿色（草绿＋少许酞青蓝）
31、四绿色（三绿＋白色）
32、胭脂水（胭脂＋大量水）
33、青灰色（花青＋少许墨＋白色）
34、蓝色（酞青蓝＋三青）
35、朱红色（朱磦＋曙红）
36、紫青色（胭脂＋少许酞青蓝）
>推荐颜料
目前，书画店中所售的国画颜料，从包装方式上也有两种：一种是传统工制作的小纸盒包装的颜料片，质量较好，且加过胶，只要用水化开即可使用。另一种是颜料厂制作的铅管包装的颜料，挤出来即可使用，但质量不如片制颜料。初绘画，多使用后一种。
初者选择马利、樱花牌（樱花无沉淀更细腻）都可以。马利包装的可能会有颗粒沉淀，蓝色盒子的颜料更细腻一点。要求高一点的可以去买吉祥牌，另外一开始不建议你们入瓶装或纸包的矿物质颜料，又烧钱又染色时掌握不好比较难出效果。（比如姜思序堂）
>>宣纸
写意画选生宣，工笔画选熟宣，生宣纸又分棉皮，净皮，特皮，檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多则是特皮，适合大写意，洇墨厉害，多画于山水画，更能突显水墨意境。小写意用净皮，适应画花鸟画，墨色浓淡相宜好掌握。
画国画的宣纸和卡纸都有生宣，孰宣之分，不同的是着色润染效果。写意画用宣纸画更能突显墨韵感，意境。卡纸晕染效果不及生宣，适应画小写意，浓淡相宜，墨色恰到好处。用卡纸可以画花鸟画，宣纸画山水画，卡纸一个好处是画好了不用裱画直接装框。
用宣纸画画的时可以重复叠色，而卡纸不行润染几次就会起毛边，所以形要准，着色一遍而过。涂背景时也是如此，不适应上色，深浅掌握好，两遍而过。初者适合用宣纸画，花鸟画，山水画画个一遍，熟练生巧后换卡纸画。
推荐用纸
与画笔墨匹配的载无疑要首推安徽径县出产的宣纸，这种纸在发挥画笔墨表现力方面很强，物理性能稳定。
徽州的宣纸，有很多，的初者不适用，一般的就可以。除了红星，双鹿，汪同王的宣纸很好用，墨润效果还不错。用宣纸画画外还可以尝试用卡纸画画，不用裱画，直接装框就好。
在选择熟宣纸时一定要慎重，好纸不一定白，太白说明增白剂太多，不利久藏；好的熟宣纸纸白但，反光柔和，纸内不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附着物。
>生宣纸
>熟宣纸
镇纸
作画时维镇纸是古代传统工艺品。指写字作画时用以压纸的东西，常见的多为长方条形，因故也称作镇尺、压尺。
镇纸的材质多种多样，以玉、瓷、竹、木、铁、铜居多，上面通常雕刻有兰、菊、梅、竹并配以诗句的图案，也有动物和人物的立形象。
推荐镇纸
现在市场上有各种各样的镇纸，可以根据自己的需求购买。
1、Noritake则武宫崎骏龙猫TOTORO站立水晶镇纸
>2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸
>3、弘可工铸铁小猫咪镇纸
>4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸
>5、御宝阁纯工景德镇绘陶瓷镇纸
工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选，一个是葫芦蟋蟀，还有是墨趣。
>6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸
>7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸
>笔洗
笔洗是一种传统工艺品，属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具，是用来盛水洗笔的器皿，以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐，传世的笔洗中，有很多是艺术。笔洗有很多种质地，包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等，基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中，最常见的是瓷笔洗。
笔洗的作用是可以润笔，在绘画中，许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。
初者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。
>毛毡
制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤，因材料和工艺的差别，而产出各式各样的书画毡。
用它衬在宣纸下面，画画时的墨汁、颜色等到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸，弄得画面上一塌糊涂；衬了毛毡，因为毛毡不吸水，就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售，大小不一，根据自己的画幅大小选购。
初者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多，市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的，也有50厘米×70厘米的。
>购买之前，务必看清楚毛毡的大小。然后看毛毡上米字格的大小，一般毛毡上的格子大小为10厘米，小一点的毛毡的格子可能是9厘米的。可以看厚度，以这种印有米字格的书画毡来说，质量特别次的毛毡都不会太厚，有时候墨汁太多还真有可能透过去。厚度2毫米以上的毛毡，对于国画初者来说就够了。
如果要画大幅的作品，那就需要买大的厚的毛毡，更大更厚的毛毡托墨性能和吸墨能力更强，显然也更合适。
>砚台
砚台是用来磨墨和装墨汁的，初者可用小碟子代替用来装墨。如果想拥有的砚台可以选购妙峰牌徐公砚。
其他
纸胶带/水胶带：绷宣纸用的；
喷壶：绷绢、做特殊效果时会使用；
底纹笔/底纹刷：用来刷底色的大刷子，羊毫做的，要很软才行；
美工钉、盘子（调色用）。
>国画技法
国画技法的主要有构思、构图、用笔、用墨、设色、收拾等方面，其中用笔用墨为最基本的技法）。
构思——又叫立意，即作画之前的形象思维过程。
构图——即六法中的“经营位置”，又叫置陈布势等。亦即画面各种物象的位置、比例、墨色等的安排。
用笔——即六法中的“骨法用笔”，有线描、勾勒、皴、擦、点染，笔用中锋、逆锋、藏锋、露锋、拖笔、破点等。
用墨——经历代画家发展有：焦、浓、重、淡、清、退、埃、宿等各种墨色，运用时须各得其所。又有泼墨、破墨（即浓淡相生）等具技法。
设色——白描：不设色，全用线条表现，或以淡墨、淡水色稍加渲染。重彩：一般指工笔重彩、勾勒填色、大青绿等。淡彩：以墨色为主调，敷以淡彩色。没骨：纯用色彩画，并不勾线。（纯用墨点染，不沟勒的亦叫没骨。）
收拾——画成以后再作整收拾，使全画最后达到气韵生动的境界。
笔墨
画表现形象的基本段。我国历代画家在长期历史发展的过程中，已经形成了一套完整的笔墨技法和创造技巧。
笔墨表现形式
有白描、工笔、写其细部，整个画面纯用墨色，有的再加淡墨渲染。
白描——用细线勾画出物象轮廓及其细部，整个画面纯用墨色。有的再加淡墨渲染。
白描从线条的粗细可分三类：较粗的线条叫琴弦，较细的线条叫铁线，极细的线条叫游丝。工笔画常常用这几种线条来表现作品，钉鼠尾描、兰叶描、高古游丝描、铁线描、行云流水描。不论采用哪种线描，都突“写”字，使每一条线具有书法气韵。
>工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔，工即工整工细之意，敷色也层也渲染，显得浑厚浓重。
工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的，根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀，贯穿着整个事物形的始终，表现出蓬勃灵动而逼真的视觉外貌。因此，线条成为画面的统领者，其视觉观察的方式是客观而具的。
>写意——只写物象的大意，用笔简练流畅，笔墨自然，不用色的写意画，又称“水墨画”。
>勾勒着色——亦称“单线涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线，中间用墨或用色涂。
>粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗，比写意要工。
>粗中有细——如花草画得粗，但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。
>没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。
>泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展，用大块墨色，再运用自然形成的浓淡，加上较细的笔道，有的地方还露出飞白，这样才见精神。
>界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画，主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物，如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等，以及整齐的家具陈设等。
>设色
设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情，画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青（可分青、二青、三青等三种）、石绿（也分绿、二绿、三绿等三种），等。但基本颜色红、黄、蓝三种，即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合，可以调出许多种颜色来。
>墨彩
工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线，完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳，因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多，因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感，但亦不能淡而失神，要使浓淡相宜，才具有清新神韵的效果。
>淡彩
工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到分，然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色，既能融合一，又能显示墨的韵味，才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。
>粉彩
工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。在表现方法上多用于勾染和没骨。在颜色运用上以植物颜色和为主，以水彩和淡薄的矿物质色为辅。粉彩勾线切忌用一色的浓墨，而要施淡墨为主。因为墨丝过浓和粉彩相并，则容易显得枯僵，缺乏妍丽。调粉的色彩不宜过厚，但也不能太淡薄，过淡则无神，要做到薄中见厚。粉彩用粉是重要关键。粉和色要用到晕化自然，不露粉痕，不显料气，干净滋润，才能发挥粉彩鲜明娇丽的特点。
>重彩
工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。重彩勾勒勾染的方法，并以服务态度和物质色为主，因用色比较厚重，所以色感较富丽带有装饰性称为重彩。重彩渲染要作到薄中见厚，厚中生津，染不露痕，深浅自然。切忌脏、花、斑、枯、火、腻等。这些毛病多出于顺序不对，用笔不轻顺，用色过厚或厚薄不匀。
>线描
民族绘画的主要造型段。是构成画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一种方法。它不着颜色，有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染，具有的表现形式和造型规律，并富有韵味。用线的变化，要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重，由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。画用线造型的历史悠久，通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造，积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验，画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。
用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性，可以地刻划各种现象，表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。
>白描
画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的，也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的，例如花用淡墨勾，叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好，然后根据表情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的，是加重质感和浓淡的变化，使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然，更受原线路的约束，否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现，从某咱意义上说来，它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯，对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排，层次要分明，在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性，碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。
>刘公华白描仕女图
皴法
国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现法，是以线条勾勒轮廓，然后敷色。随着绘画的发展，为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和（凸凹），因地质的结构不同，表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。
>石涛深山秋水图
皴法的种类
一般有（1）披麻皴、（2）乱麻皴、（3）芝麻皴、（4）大斧劈、（5）小斧劈皴、（6）卷云皴、（7）雨点皴（雨雪皴）、（8）弹涡皴、（9）荷叶皴、（10）矾皴、（11）骷髅皴、（12）鬼皮皴、（13）解索皴、（14）、乱柴皴、（15）牛毛皴、（16）马牙皴、（17）斫皴、（18）点错皴；（19）豆瓣皴、（20）刺梨皴（豆瓣皴之变）、（21）皴、（22）折带皴、（23）泥里拨钉皴、（24）拖泥带水皴、（25）金碧皴、（26）没骨皴、（27）直擦皴、（28）横擦皴等。
墨法
古人说“墨即是色”，浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿，只干不湿太瘠枯，只湿不干太臃肿，浓淡干湿结合起来，变化多，生动而有气韵。
用墨之法
一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨，用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑，否则焦墨孤立，难见笔意。
积墨：用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次，有一种深厚的味道。
破墨：先用淡墨上纸，趁湿用湿墨加上，化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转，略似鱼鳞，由浓渐淡，参差不齐，谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。
用笔六要
一要自然有力，切忌呆滞。
二要变化而有联系，要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用，既有变化，还要互相联系。
三要苍老而滋润，苍老就显出含蓄的笔力，用笔光滑就显得雅嫩，过于苍老亦易枯燥，故须在苍老中滋润，也就是干湿并用。
四要松灵而凝炼，松灵比自然更进一步，要活泼轻松有生趣，切忌油滑、轻浮，轻松之中要有重厚，凝练是一笔画去到尽端有锋。
五要刚柔相济，即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚，刚健的锋中要参以巧运，“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。
六要巧拙互用，用笔朴质显得老实，故要在巧笔中夹几笔拙，在拙笔中夹几笔巧，应巧拙互用，方为得法。
国画笔法
讲基本运笔技法之前我们要先了解握笔的姿势。
>国画的笔法有六种，分别是中锋、侧锋、逆锋、拖锋、折钗与屋漏痕、飞白锋。
中锋
中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。
>侧锋
侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。
>逆锋
逆锋是相对于正位置顺行方向的反方向毛笔运行方法。逆锋运笔阻力，笔锋聚散，松紧变化不同于顺笔意味。特点是笔力刚硬，力透纸背，但缺少柔劲。不可常用，适可而止。
>露锋
于藏锋的运笔刚好相反，它以笔尖着纸，故意露出笔锋，收笔时渐行渐提笔杆。以这种笔法画出的线条灵活而飘逸。
>藏锋
笔锋要藏而不露，画出的线条才沉着含蓄，力透纸背。
>顺锋
运笔与逆锋相反，采用拖笔运行，画出的线条轻快流畅、灵秀活泼。
>扩展资料
所谓笔法，写字作画用笔的方法，即画特有的用线方法。书画主要都以线条表现，所用工具都是尖锋毛笔，要使书画的线条点画富有变化，必先讲究执笔，在运笔时掌握轻重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法，称为“笔法”。
国画有着自己明显的特征，讲究“气韵生动”，不拘泥于物外表的肖似，而多强调抒发作者的主观情趣。画讲求“以形写神”，追求一种“妙在似与不似之间”的感觉。
讲究笔墨神韵，笔法要求：、圆、留、重、变。墨法要求墨分五色，焦、浓、重、淡、清。
讲究“骨法用笔”，不讲究，不强调环境对于物的光色变化的影响。
讲究空白的布置和物的“气势”。
国画分科
国画总分为工笔和写意两种，大致又分工笔花鸟，工笔山水，工笔人物，写意花鸟，写意山水，写意人物等。写意用生宣，工笔用熟宣，也有半生不熟的纸可以画一些兼工带写。
国画的细分科按形式分，工笔，写意；工笔讲究“工”，用笔细致，需要细细勾勒渲染的；写意讲“意”，用笔洒脱，以形写神，一笔到位。按题材分，人物、花鸟、山水。
工笔
工笔画步骤
起稿
可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿，或直接拷贝临本，用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上，铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上，特别是用绢画时，这样可以避免画稿变形，铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。
也可以去买个拷贝台，把起好的稿子或印的图纸放在拷贝台上，再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝，这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了！
>绷稿
要求：先在画板上裱贴一张白纸，待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具绷绢步骤可以看这个：如何绷娟
所需材料：图钉、浆糊、水。
1、首先，把框子装好，然后把绢放在框子上摆好。
>2、然后，在绢的一按上图钉，另一边喷水，慢慢展开。
>3、喷湿后慢慢调整，差不多了可以涂浆糊，继续调整。不要特别紧，因为绢干了也会收缩，另外绢本身有织的纹路，拉扯变形了就不好了。
>4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊，折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。
>5、等干了就可以上色了，看看效果。
>注意事项：
1、草稿：使用铅笔草稿，纸张不要求。
2、过稿：将草稿放置在拷贝台上，上面覆一层熟宣，使用勾线笔（花枝俏、小叶筋等均可）将画稿勾在宣纸上，这样的作品称为白描。
3、渲：在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗，方法是：使用两支较大的笔（一般为大白云）一支蘸墨，一支蘸水，先点墨，在墨没干之前用水渲开，造成一个自然的过渡。
4、染：方法和渲的步骤差不多，不过使用的是国画颜料，这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实，一般要进行多次，有“三矾九染”之说。
勾线
勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋，工笔人物画中以中锋为主。
中锋：中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整，并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化，适当时加入清水调试。
侧锋：侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。
勾线用笔的起止很重要，每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔锋”，这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。
>>着染
传统工笔画的着染方法总来说可以分为分染、罩染、勾填等方法，分染和罩染是传统工笔人物画和花鸟中的技法。山水的话还要用到“皴”的技法，以现山脉特有的肌理。
分染：是把面的线描按其结构、纹理用色或墨渲染出一定的层次和积关系。分染时，准备一支笔蘸色，一支笔蘸清水把颜色均匀地烘淡。分染法采用分层叠加的方法进行设色，它的优点是色彩厚重饱和，层次变化丰富，表现力强。
罩染：绘画，在着色时，先铺底，后罩色，这种方法就叫罩染。一般是先用渲染法铺上底色，颜色应厚重一些，可以层层复加。由深到淡，要表现出其明暗、层次。再根据需要再涂一二次翠色，颜色要淡薄。底色和罩色的选择要根据所绘物本身的特点，目的是使二者相得益彰，产生厚重、鲜明、复杂、丰富的色彩效果。画山水用水墨皴染，可罩染花青和赭石等。
背染：在绢的背面衬色以使正面的颜色更厚重，丰富画面层次。背面使用的是涂的方法，植物色和矿物色均可。这几个步骤应该是交替进行的，要想画的细腻，这些动作可能要重复很多遍。
复勾
有些地方染完颜色后，之前勾线的部分变得不是很明显了，需要重新勾一遍。这时候勾千万要注意浓淡，颜色重了容易生硬呆板匠气，线条尽量保持流畅，毕竟是附在最上面的。
刷胶矾水
为了熟绢跑矾，在设色之前，要在绢的背面刷一遍胶矾水。古人把胶矾称作“伐绢之斧”。未刷胶矾水的绢和宣纸，称作生绢、生宣，是画写意画的材料。刷过胶矾水的绢和宣纸，其性能发生了改变，称之为熟绢、熟宣，适合画工笔画。
1、胶矾水有制作熟绢、固定颜色、保护画面的作用。
胶：黄明胶，又名广胶，颗粒状的效果比较好。使用时用冷水泡上几分钟，去掉浮灰，加入热水搅拌，胶粒全部溶解后即可，但不能用开水，开水会使粘度降低。
矾：又称明矾，主要产自安徽庐江，天用凉水浸泡，第二天用。
>2、胶矾水的混合比一般7:3较为适当，矾大胶小，染墨色时会颜色板滞、难以染匀。胶大矾小则会出现滑笔，墨、色易脱落等问题。
>3、刷胶矾水，刷胶矾水的环境在温度25度左右的晴天，温度过低胶矾会很快凝固，不易刷匀。
>装裱
古语有云：“三分字画，七分裱”，的装裱工艺不可以使字画得到的保护，同时也能起到烘托字画，突出神韵的作用。书画装裱的步骤一般是先用纸托裱在绘画作品的背后，再用绞、绢、纸等镶边，然后安装轴杆成卷轴或者装框条成镜框。传统的装裱是多种多样的，但其成品按形制可分为挂轴，卷，册页三大类。原裱的绘画不论画心的大小、形状、及裱后的用途，都托裱画心、镶覆、砑装三个步骤。
步：观察字画
揣摩原作的气度，以利于地选择装裱材料烘托原作气质。
第二步：托裱画心
1、将画心反铺在干净的画案上，用喷壶在画心背面均匀喷洒水花；
2、待画心潮润且整得贴附在画案上时，用排笔在画心背面均匀刷浆；
3、一持特制的装裱棕刷，一持略大于画心的托纸，对齐一边，用棕刷自上而下排扫托纸，逐渐使整张托纸整贴附于画心背面；
4、用指在托纸边缘均匀抹上浆糊；
5、待画心略干后，轻轻揭起，转贴至挣墙晾干。
第三步：镶条
1、待画心干透，用裁刀将其从墙面取下，裁去托纸不整齐的边角部分；
2、在画心四角均匀抹浆，镶上助条；
3、在助条边缘抹浆，镶上边条。
第四步：覆背
在已镶条的画作后重复第二个步骤。
第五步：装框
已制成的画作如需装框则在画作干透后进行整，镶装画框；如做成卷轴，则应在画作上下装上天杆和地杆，并牵上挂绳，拴入绛色丝带。
注意事项
一般的装裱能够的是工的，浆糊的质量也是时间的保证。裱画的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊，不黏稠度和透明度有所差别，并且在熬制时还要加入一些防治蠹虫的配料
推荐临摹书籍
人物
白描：《八十七卷》练线描这一本完全够了。如果觉得难度大的，可以进行局部练习。
>工笔设色
《簪花仕女图》、韩熙载夜宴图、《虢国夫人游春图》、《捣练图》、《洛神赋图》等
>《簪花仕女图》局部
>《虢国夫人游春图》局部
花鸟
宋代小品、宋徽宗、陈老莲花鸟集。
>>山水
山水小品、《千里江山图》、长桥卧波图、马远夏圭。
>>写意
国画的一种画法，用笔不苛求工细，注重神态的表现和抒发作者内心的情感。最初起源于绘画，兴起于北宋，要求在形象之中有所蕴涵和寄寓，让"象"具有表意功能或成为表意的段。
分类
写意画分为小写意和大写意，所谓的小写意，更倾向于水墨画法写物象之实，上接元人墨花墨禽的传统；而所谓的大写意，更倾向于以水墨画法表现画家的主观感情，继承的是宋元的文人墨戏传统。
欣赏写意画
画写意首先要练审美。培养对美的感受力，会欣赏。要对中术史上这些大量的作品进行阅读，至少要知道什么是什么是真的美。
古意画
>>现意画
>>绘画步骤
白菜、萝卜画法
①用中号长锋狼毫或羊毫调淡墨画菜的叶柄，趁湿马上蘸较浓墨画出菜根和根须。换用一支大号羊毫斗笔调淡墨画菜叶，注意笔腹含水要饱满，根据菜叶的结构、方向，分几笔画出菜叶，每笔菜叶的墨团形状大小浓淡要稍有区别，不能画成一样。笔与笔之间要注意衔接，既不能让它们模棱模糊，又不能搞得支离破碎。趁湿用长锋小狼毫勾出菜叶上的叶脉。
②用同一支笔蘸浓墨以中锋画缚菜的草束。要掌握画草束的时间，迟了叶柄水分已干，画上去的草束就会浮起来。如果太早，草束的墨色会漫糊开来，影响其质感。总之要干湿得当，渗化适度。
③根据红萝卜的圆形结构，用一支干净的短锋羊毫笔蘸胭脂调合一下，分左右两笔画出萝卜的球茎。同时注意适当地在中间留些空白，以表现萝卜的高光，然后又用较深的颜色点须画根。再用同一支笔洗一下，蘸朱磦底画胡萝卜。为了加强胡萝卜的质感，可在朱磦底里调点胭脂。画时，同样要注意胡萝卜的造型特点，依据结构运笔。
④再用同一支笔洗净后蘸藤黄加花青调成汁绿。为了色调和谐，可在汁绿里再少量调点朱磦底，画出红萝卜叶柄的基部，然后又添画上小小的萝卜叶。两片萝卜的叶子要注意稍分浓淡。最后用中羊毫笔调赭墨画上蘑菇，画时同样要注意几只蘑菇的不同方向和前后层次。
>牵牛花画法
①先画藤蔓：用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨去画，用笔要悬腕中锋，轻快之中见遒劲，墨色要稍有变化，笔尖含水要干一点，以表现枝蔓的坚韧柔软。枝蔓是全画的架子，因此，要注意全局的位置经营。
②次画叶子：用短锋大羊毫笔调次浓墨去画，注意在蘸墨时要使笔各部位含墨含水分量不同，这样一笔下去叶片即有浓淡变化。画叶要依据牵牛花叶片特点，每叶分三笔画成。点叶要注意疏密大小和方向的区别。
③用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾出叶脉。换用一支干净的短锋中羊毫笔，用胭脂加花青调成紫红色画花冠。牵牛花花冠上部色深，基部呈白色，因此用笔时要根据这个特点在花心留出空白，花型要圆润，色泽要饱满。两朵花要分浓淡。又蘸较深的花色点出未放的花蕾，注意花蕾与主花间的呼应。
④用三绿加一点藤黄，调成淡绿色染花蕊底色，趁湿又用短锋羊毫调藤黄加白，一笔画上花蕊。然后用长锋小狼毫蘸浓墨画上花托，又添上浓浓淡淡的藤蔓，使全画完整起来。最后略加苔点，使画面增添变化。
>花球画法
①先画花球:用长锋小狼毫调淡墨逐个勾出组成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分浓淡，花形要有变化，使花球有立感。接着用短锋大羊毫调成浓绿蘸墨分组画上叶子。
②用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨勾叶脉。勾时把叶子分成上下两组，上边一组的叶脉墨色较深，下面一组叶子的叶脉用墨稍淡，以分出前后两组的层次。换用一支长锋狼毫笔调淡墨画枝干。随画随加浓墨，用较干的墨色去画较小的枝干。
③再用较淡的绿添画几笔嫩叶，增加叶子的又一个层次。接着用长锋小狼毫笔蘸浓墨画出花球里的花柄，用墨要较干，使浓重的墨色衬托出洁净的花球。接着在叶间添画一团掩藏着的花球，方法与前同。
④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立感，又要注意花色的洁净。
>枇杷画法
①用大号斗笔浸些清水，又挤去笔肚里过多的水分，乘湿蘸上墨，稍微在调色盆里调合一下。注意不要调得太"熟"，使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子，随画又要蘸点水，使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化，又有滋润丰厚的感觉。
②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓，注意用笔的圆正，以表现枇杷果实的立感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干，换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时，笔端要稍干些，可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡，故画后面叶子时，可调点清水后去画，但注意笔端仍须稍干，以免漫糊。
③等枇杷的墨色已干，用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔，以表现枇把的立感。
④趁色尚湿，用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大，用笔稍重，使笔尖稍微叉开，以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干，加上苔点，使画面更丰富完整。
>玉兰画法
①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净，用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色，可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际，再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底，染时要见笔。
②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊，花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干，用笔要苍劲，使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干，画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。
③接着调淡墨画花蕾和花托。画花蕾不要强调与主花冠的呼应，还应配合整幅画的全局气势。花蕾与枝干的连接要合理，要符合玉兰的生长规律。④趁湿赶紧在花托上用小狼毫笔蘸浓墨点绒毛斑点。这一步要十分注意水分的的掌握，不能等干了再画，否则无论如何也画不出花托绒毛这种茸茸的感觉。最后点苔收拾整理。
>推荐临摹书籍
山水
董源《潇湘图》、巨然《万壑松风图》、李成《寒林野图》、范宽《溪山行旅图》、郭熙《早春图》、李唐《万壑松风图》、马远《踏歌图》《寒江独钓》、夏圭《溪山清远图》、黄公望《富春山居图》、倪瓒、吴镇《渔父图》、王蒙《青卞隐居图》、沈周、石涛、査士标。
花鸟
恽寿、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金农、法常、赵孟頫、管道升、王冕、赵之谦、齐白石等画家的花鸟作品。
人物
梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陈洪绶等画家作品。
习步骤
临摹
临摹是习画技法的一种便捷方法，对范画可以先局部临摹，也叫分解练习，然后再临摹整幅作品，这样可以得深秀。临摹尽量要象，“察之者尚精，拟之者贵似”，要通过临摹会其造型方法、用笔方法、墨色变化等。临摹整幅作品时再会构图特点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造，心中就有数了。
临摹的目的是习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较，写生为主，临摹为次，写生是源，临摹是流。
临，把画放在桌上，对着画。摹，则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上，用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”，即是习古人或老师的技法，而被之，不能变化、发展。“游魂”，就是东一点，西一点，浅尝辄止，不能融会贯通。“附影子”，即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户，一离开，便难行，作不出画。
临摹要和默写结合起来，画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此，临摹一定要认真会。
结合临摹时要注意多欣赏名家名作，可以欣赏品味，此外还要多参观画展，汲取各家之长，开阔眼界，开拓思路，丰富技法段，提高修养。在观摩和习时可记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地习，肯定会有大的进步。
写生
通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律，可以大量搜集创作素材，锻炼造型能力，进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧，在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水的重要环节。
写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究，铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以，纸张随便，关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是习、观察大自然的过程，达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。
画外功
与绘画技巧相适应，还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。多读书（、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读）、勤练书法才能满足习绘画的要求。练习书法不是为了适应题字落款的需要，更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法，提高笔线的表现能力，加强墨晕的风骨，以书入画格趣自然更高。
创作
初国画不必急于创作，应先在以上三方面下扎实的基础，苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后，可以慢慢试着进行创作。
创作阶段
阶段可以参考资料，借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法，按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。
第二阶段，待掌握了一定的技法之后，便可以较地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段，通过这个阶段的练习，可使技法更熟练，构图变化更丰富。
第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟，而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法，现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化，是既有“法”度而又不为法度所。以法作画，千篇一律，以情作画，变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合，是我们追求的目的。初者只要得法，用功，是会达到这一目标的。
国画素材
花鸟素材
竹子
1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶，用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子，注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化，下笔时两轻中间重。
2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干，待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。
>>牡丹
1、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣，依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花，注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。
2、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞，画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。
3、整笔蘸淡绿色，笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋，墨绿加胭脂画枝条。
>麻雀
1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴，最后以淡墨画胸腹。
2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅，浓墨画嘴，点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹，浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽，浓墨中锋画腿，浓墨画爪子。
>小鸡
1、蘸中墨侧锋画出部，侧锋点出翅膀，随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛，淡墨画和大腿，待半干时用浓墨勾画。
2、蘸浓墨，行侧锋画出部，侧锋画翅膀，淡墨画和大腿，最后浓墨勾画嘴、。
>翠鸟
1、蘸三青点出鸟的部，运侧锋画出身子和上下翅。采浓墨画嘴、尾羽、飞羽并点上眼睛。用钛白点鸟身斑纹，淡赭石染，朱砂染嘴与鸟爪，最后用藤黄染眼珠。
2、三青加花青点出部，用浓墨画出眼睛并勾画嘴巴，再画出上的毛。三青加花青画鸟毛，用淡赭石画出腹部，浓墨勾画轮廓，朱砂染嘴和勾画鸟爪，藤黄染眼珠。
>喜鹊
蘸浓墨勾画嘴和眼睛，浓墨画部和颈羽。蘸中墨侧锋行笔画胸腹，画背羽留白羽，浓墨画翅羽，并为其添加尾羽。淡墨中锋行笔画胸腹，腿爪用浓墨勾画，鹅黄染眼珠。
>国画的好处
国画是一件非常陶冶情的事情，不能解放人的天性、给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。
1、国画是人生良伴。人的一生分为很多阶段，少年时，可以以画言志；青壮年时，生活压力巨大，可以以画解压；等到年过中年，孩子都已成家立业，自己也临近退休，内心难免会有孤独之感，此时可以画画消遣。国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀，艺术修养的不断提升，他的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。
2、国画能陶冶情。习国画讲求的是意境，讲究内涵，真、善、美。通过笔墨抒发感情，培养艺术气息，陶冶情。艺术气息会一直伴随着你，生活中有了艺术，你会感觉到自己的世界都是带着诗情画意。
3、国画能提高审美。画具有简练、概括的特点，在国画时，注意力集中，执笔、行笔要运气用力，这样就养成了良好的习习惯，不可以培养习能力、理解能力，而且还可以提高审美能力和习兴趣。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画是一件非常陶冶情的事情，不能解放人的天性，给人带来满足感、成就感，而且还会在作品中实现对自我的肯定。国画的人，随着自己的文化积淀、艺术修养的不断提升，所作的画作也如陈年老酒，愈发醇香，愈发动人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WCwKdeaU2oYWQwxMHRQc7iL2nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QqEmdewuQoIgmSxaSWqcdSncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先要熟悉工具，选择一套合适的工具来作画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C4IGdya6CoMGQgxhcABcLHvJnqH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LuAOdEcaCoYqoMxQLs5cTQPqn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画使用的笔统称为毛笔，根据制笔的毫料不同可分为软毫、硬毫和兼毫三种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I2uadM2GwoomCUxK2KVcW1FNnLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"软毫笔以羊毫为多，鸡毫次之。羊毫笔有长锋、中锋、短锋之别，各有不同的表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IC2ydCGgIoiKM8xa0eDcAS6xn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬毫笔一般弹力较强、劲健锋利，易于掌握和使用，其中狼毫笔和紫毫笔使用较多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HCiodwcWkokoksx65wRcYGOMnhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"兼毫笔是两种以上不同质的毫料兼制而成，此笔软硬适中，适于勾线，也适于渲染用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm4sd4iGOoCumyxm4zWcnKlSnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画工笔可以选择准备勾线笔（1-2根）、大中小号白云羊毫笔（约3根）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R8eKdU6y0o0WmcxIuYkcTDcxnUj"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画写意，准备硬毫笔（长锋短锋各备一支），如狼毫、猪鬃、兔毫等，兼毫备一支即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AuaEdQiySo6gckx29jyc06RHnHf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wig4dQMkaoEogox4ghocp1vcnmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔一开始不要买太多，常用的基本都是那几支。画熟练了再添置，书法写废了的毛笔也可以用来染色或者画山水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkKydQMc8oAo0sxMPzscUvMdnWc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":788,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa31073262e7435891b0079bf9d26f4e","width":720},"text":"","id":"RU4odeAoGo62qSxWO8Ac3BpenNh"},,"attrs":{"height":613,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8ca29c9bf9874c70ab5f446996d49441","width":720},"text":"","id":"Pk0GdaOGkoWcWMxegMMcVpmZnNd"}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架就是架笔之物，是传统文房用具之一。在构思或暂息时用以置笔，以免毛笔污损他物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IqGydqQkwokWkQxQMaDc4SA5n1F"},,"attrs":{"height":213,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔架","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b7c497564bfe491dbc9a1950bceb7656","width":419},"text":"","id":"Qkkgd4CEaoEssAxg9XScyqiUnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8C4d82mSoIcgQxYz7dcuLy0nJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘就是调和颜料的容器，是不可缺少的文房用具。其形状通常为圆形，呈梅花状，但也有方形或其他不规则形状，质地以陶瓷类较多，而小碟子形态的调色盘造价比较低廉，通常为初者或业余人士使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VI6adUiEoo0SSsxmEgAcDSJxnod"},{"type":"imageList","children":[,"attrs":{"height":319,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/58843f4ce362446ba7b0c94bb58ad6f6","width":326},"text":"","id":"My42dgooQocAQKxWqUJc01KIntg"},,"attrs":{"height":276,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调色盘","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa1ac610435f490eb1fb6300d006a9ac","width":284},"text":"","id":"VE8edAEWGo4yQ8xotmbc5Q9en7b"}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"传统绘画尤重用墨，笔以达气，墨以生韵。用墨表现画面的气韵，求得生动是很重要的。之墨经用笔引发和水的渗化，可变化出浓、淡、干、湿、黑、白不同层次的色彩感。古人谓之“五墨”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc0admkGEoAyymxkD8Rc2ooUnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以墨代色，力求单纯、明快、概括，是画的创造。以墨代色的不同变化，表现各种色彩感觉，富有浪漫主义的处理特色。画在设色方面突破了自然物固有的约束，代之以感情的意匠色彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGeEd6IsOo2Q0uxsHJSc3HLyn1b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UKqAdyiGko4ueAxSADSceZvqnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨有很多种，市场上常见的用于绘画的墨主要有株式会社墨运堂出品的玄宗墨汁，一得阁的云艳，红星墨液，墨汁，中华墨汁，曹素功墨汁，珠江墨汁等等。不同墨对于绘画有直接影响。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SU2gdSM2IowaYsxOuqJckHY0nNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、进口玄宗墨汁有两种：一种是红星玄宗，一种是进口玄宗，其特点是浓墨显得很厚重，淡墨显得很润泽，不含混。下图是用进口玄宗墨汁绘制的国画效果图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiAKdg0y6o4ycMxmqwecFJ1fn4b"},,"attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/97efa27fcaba4da0b72938b8850e1458","width":335},"text":"","id":"RSGedeCGwoKiqqx8uRVciWVunIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、一得阁墨汁，百年，低廉，高。代表性产品为云艳，其特点为，墨迹光亮、淡墨表现力强，层次感丰富、浓淡五色、书写流利等特点，美中不足的便是胶性比较大，易凝结。下图是用一得阁墨绘制的国画效果图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WaqideCGIoiUSyx4qfScwXEtnTg"},,"attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1a77679774424deebee047dbd80de3a4","width":340},"text":"","id":"LAeodAAkmo4wOgxqY5cciFDBncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、红星墨汁，安徽红星墨液公司出品。代表产品有两种，一种是红星墨液，另一种是玄宗墨液（国产），玄宗墨液（国产）跟红星墨液的区别在于黑度，玄宗墨液（国产）的黑度优于红星墨液，淡墨的层次，表现效果差，笔锋交叉处，呈现糊状。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HY6Cd24Eyoas46xGrUXcpzhsnfb"},,"attrs":{"height":343,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4067fae8ce954b9d8bfcdcc4d10c1d96","width":456},"text":"","id":"LgWSdIEaWow0MWxQdPXcCfS8n7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、雄狮墨汁，，代表产品为雄狮书法墨汁，黑度，层次感强、浓淡五色、书写流利，合成树脂胶（零下20℃凝结），四季适宜书画，宜书宜裱。适宜练习、出一般作品和出贵重作品用，是票友和人士的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GGUsdwWowoUSC6xqQDgcQLdZnHh"},,"attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9b519c8acb494c4f950d04600a430101","width":300},"text":"","id":"Lwqwd2iGUo0u88xqbEVcDwGxn8n"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、曹素功墨汁，国内。产品低廉。代表性产品为墨块。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IQCgdQAGYo4o0axSQIwcTioGnLb"},,"attrs":{"height":470,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐墨汁","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ec0d74204739466988315d9a98adc9a0","width":467},"text":"","id":"I6YSdyicOoYKAexE1lScQPCYnwg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIkudAqIkoEKwuxWk0AcD1Xtnwb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"矿物颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H0gWdkw40o8i4kxgT22cz0YEnic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矿物颜料有朱砂、赭石、石青、石绿、石黄、、金粉、银粉等。除赭石等少数矿物颜料外，多数矿物颜料都具有渗化性差、不透明性、遮盖力强等特点。由于这类颜料源于矿物质，虽经千年亦可保持其鲜艳色彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PI04dcOywo0giExaqAvc1ITYnwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"植物颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PQCcdQa2co8W4CxWMHlcAZOMnug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"植物颜料有花青、藤黄、胭脂、洋红。植物颜料和化颜料渗化性较好，透明度高。除藤黄等少数颜料外，大多没有遮盖能力。故一般不宜以色盖色。这正是画必须下笔准确，忌修改的原因。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HgKedyU2EogG8sxuWfXc1PvNnpg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"化颜料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LAaCdomgWoes4Ex4Vr8cfh36nTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"化颜料有曙红、深红、大红、铬黄、天蓝。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VowGdeOKMoUoAyxshKvcKTljnFc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"特点及用途","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q0YudI62SoaW4Cx4i4Jc2EBTnDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"赭石：矿物类，但其质较轻清，半透明，可单独使用，也可调和其他颜料后使用，是一种用途广泛的颜料。在淡彩山水中，常作为山石、树干主色，也可用于画夕阳反照下的远山。在花鸟画中，常与墨（调和后成为赭墨）或与其他色料调和，或混合使用，多用于画枝、干、翎毛。在人物画中，常用于人物皮肤底色。调入花青或绿色可用于画远山、老叶子。赭石加藤黄为赭黄，用于深秋黄叶、秋景中的土坡、草间细路。草绿中加入赭石调成苍绿，用于秋天石坡、土径。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Iq4edcGiCoGY0ix6wAlck0MdnMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"朱膘：矿物类或人工合成。常与胭脂、洋红、藤黄调和使用。朱膘调墨可得厚重而偏亮的赭色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TsWWd8OoO2sGxi0gLc21VmnFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"朱砂：矿物类，为汞化物，近代也有人工合成的朱砂，遮盖力强，一般是单独使用，且多用浓重之原色点秋天红叶、花，亭台栏杆。不宜与石青、石绿调和使用。实际上，所有矿物颜料，除胭脂外，一般都不宜与植物色相调和。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQ2GdKOIQoEiGgxkJ5NcTVPinTh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石青：矿物类，遮盖力极强。在青绿山水中用于罩染突出部位的山石，是青绿山水之主色。在石青制作过程中，将石料研磨澄汰后，按其质地轻重，又可将石青分为青、二青、三青、四青。一般山水画只用质地较轻的二青、三青，多用于点夹叶、醒点苔。因石青相对粗糙，染山石时，一般要分几次逐步上足色彩，待遍干后再着第二遍，忌在未干时涂抹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FWmCdEQkio6UgwxEZ0CcuCXWnVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石绿：矿物类，遮盖力较强。澄汰后也可分为绿、二绿、三绿、四绿。绿质地较重，颜色较深，山水画中较少使用。二绿、三绿在淡彩、重彩山水画中使用较为广泛。石绿可与草绿（如花青加藤黄所调成的草绿）结合使用，此时需用套色法（或用草绿底，待干后罩石绿；或先用石绿涂，待干后再染草绿）。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NoYUdQYweoScoMxiGYYcRUcKn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石黄：矿物类，在山水画中用于点秋景夹叶、秋景苔。画成熟的庄稼可先用赭石、藤黄染湿后再点石黄以示成熟。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kss4de8OIomieqxGoZvco02Fn9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"金粉：矿物类，除一般进口金粉外，还有佛赤泥金和青赤泥金，系用金箔研成，前者色正偏暖，后者发青偏冷。用于重彩山水画和工笔、人物、花鸟画，一般在勾线时方使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GYUkd4yYioGC6ExiohJcS7nrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"银粉：矿物类，用途与金粉类同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AaymdsuKSoogoOxqYv4cTYFFnUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"：矿物类或人工合成，有铅白、锌白、蛤粉等，铅管所装的又称锌钛白。不透明。画云、雪、瀑布、花鸟、人物等均需用之。锌钛白还可与花青、藤黄、赭石乃至墨等调和使用，但其度较难把握。如画杨树干即可调入绿色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UOIyduE8oouUY8xPHgIcdr6tnwz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"花青：植物类或人工合成，半透明，可与藤黄、洋红、赭石、等多种颜料调和，用途极为广泛，画山、石、草、木、云、水等均需用花青或其调和色。与藤黄调和，依据比例不同可调和各种绿色。青花调墨后称花青墨，其色为墨绿（螺青）。与曙红或胭脂调和后为紫色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EIwEdo6Ygo8kCoxsvMIcl6TDncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"藤黄：植物类，是藤本植物的树脂所制，有毒不能入口。铅管装藤黄有一定遮盖能力。在山水、花鸟、人物画中，既可单独使用，又可与其他许多颜料或墨（可调成橄榄绿）调和使用，用途广泛。与洋红、朱膘或胭脂可调出橙色，与赭石调和可成檀色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EaOod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O站立水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zkimd8eCsoqIKyxYjKwcv0WPnmf"},,"attrs":{"height":282,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57243f0c12ac4ac2a2d4f06ca9f30184","width":305},"text":"","id":"OYqQdyqw2oioi4x6BHXc87uvnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、青云笔社小鹅镇秦陵水禽系列镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8wGdqcWKoaU0gxETpkcLPljnVf"},,"attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0b5898d8282046db82d471464c2fb4cd","width":289},"text":"","id":"Imk4daag2o6EwmxeKnVcfm49nSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、弘可工铸铁小猫咪镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ayeydg28soweKixOoZOcnzBAnkf"},,"attrs":{"height":227,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20c06990d731480aacfe82d517c892de","width":243},"text":"","id":"KcmIdOyWaogmmgx2BbKc2vWTnzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、臻言粉莲水晶镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCQdaIy8ougQ4xiAkycMsi1npb"},,"attrs":{"height":295,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a58f33ef43a4205ad248c4132fd7f0f","width":476},"text":"","id":"LscAdyscGoACsix64rMcsswPnZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、御宝阁纯工景德镇绘陶瓷镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TImydQeIIoC4wwxSKgqcLlapnzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工绘制的陶瓷镇纸有两款可选，一个是葫芦蟋蟀，还有是墨趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOqidQW0Io4cYAxuq9jcl35Gnzd"},,"attrs":{"height":289,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e914f07368d245248e45ac3d19b562b3","width":430},"text":"","id":"Q44SdguKCoqs6ex6dmmceKZQnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、臻言加重款国画蓝图方镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LKgGdiCwQoMqKoxc5AEceJRKn8b"},,"attrs":{"height":201,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/394dffaedd0b4c2f83a8ef9448a78c16","width":474},"text":"","id":"uAdCYwYo6EEaxkrilc9yXunTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、臻言原创加重款云山书画镇纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NqcYdgOIqoAaO2xaMLic5nOUnre"},,"attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐镇纸","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b55ab0ed8ab445a4aa200f10913b4b60","width":493},"text":"","id":"YQEydyi42ogEcKxaTBUc5AgFnP0"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AwskdcgCKo6uYcxaoFwcbPi8n7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗是一种传统工艺品，属于文房四宝笔、墨、纸、砚之外的一种文房用具，是用来盛水洗笔的器皿，以形制乖巧、种类繁多、雅致精美而广受青睐，传世的笔洗中，有很多是艺术。笔洗有很多种质地，包括瓷、玉、玛瑙、珐琅、象牙和犀角等，基本都属于名贵材质。各种笔洗中，最常见的是瓷笔洗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ca0wdKqaAoyk4OxBD5ecz7TTnxT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗的作用是可以润笔，在绘画中，许多用水特技都是靠笔洗来实现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSu8dmoacouEUex6IgycJGgInMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初者预算不够可以随便找个水桶代替。推荐几个笔洗的店铺荣宝斋、宝霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、赋比兴等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8YqdIoKmoOCkqxy2B6ccbJvnUe"},,"attrs":{"height":323,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔洗","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f7532f28ee394cd9b403dfb752bf910b","width":422},"text":"","id":"GYd6ew4oUiggxfl3hcCB2knqI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OW40dKaswoiwAqxuIiqcOFGVn4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作书画毡的材料主要是羊毛或化纤，因材料和工艺的差别，而产出各式各样的书画毡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RQ6kd8gMMoGgIuxsnEPcGD0dnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用它衬在宣纸下面，画画时的墨汁、颜色等到宣纸背面的桌面上、进而污染宣纸，弄得画面上一塌糊涂；衬了毛毡，因为毛毡不吸水，就不会发生上述现象了。画国画用的毛毡在国画用品商店里有售，大小不一，根据自己的画幅大小选购。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZaOWdqUmuoGcKAxKImqcuPcqnhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初者用一块常见的带有米字格的书画毡就差不多，市面上这类书画毡有50厘米×50厘米的，也有50厘米×70厘米的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HwSgdC6y8o2qMQxiaidc6Woln8f"},,"attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5c331930a1624282be0d17bd4a607c02","width":600},"text":"","id":"E2CMd2ewUoOCiKxEpVpcZ5znnAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"购买之前，务必看清楚毛毡的大小。然后看毛毡上米字格的大小，一般毛毡上的格子大小为10厘米，小一点的毛毡的格子可能是9厘米的。可以看厚度，以这种印有米字格的书画毡来说，质量特别次的毛毡都不会太厚，有时候墨汁太多还真有可能透过去。厚度2毫米以上的毛毡，对于国画初者来说就够了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QIUadsS04oAKkUxQvg1cGyrUnkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果要画大幅的作品，那就需要买大的厚的毛毡，更大更厚的毛毡托墨性能和吸墨能力更强，显然也更合适。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZcoGdYiiCoAWK2xALqZcwtN0n3e"},,"attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛毡","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/27d7901b4e3546fcb514d974743cdcf2","width":600},"text":"","id":"B2yYd8mSco6Ikox6kaXcGIhLn2g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"砚台","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TaksdSigSouCu8xcd1McGILnn8f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"砚台是用来磨墨和装墨汁的，初者可用小碟子代替用来装墨。如果想拥有的砚台可以选购妙峰牌徐公砚。","id":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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyKqdYcSIoSQEOxgvxjcK5N3nOf"},,"attrs":{"height":552,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a17d188e11e74dbb8a5a8c5e1d042a7a","width":419},"text":"","id":"MkWOdKg8womiE0xNUegclekznzB"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔——勾勒细腻精巧的叫工笔，工即工整工细之意，敷色也层也渲染，显得浑厚浓重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XYqsdo6cGo8WxaQbdcSqLun5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔画是通过线条去观察、反映事物的，根据事物在轮廓和外表上的明确特征来了解事物。线条连绵不断、细密均匀，贯穿着整个事物形的始终，表现出蓬勃灵动而逼真的视觉外貌。因此，线条成为画面的统领者，其视觉观察的方式是客观而具的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ci4AdekCCoQoOOxOUTZczfhxn2d"},,"attrs":{"height":464,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/83f4ec74e2274ab896eb97716b139b2b","width":503},"text":"","id":"HYdccQGouIqMxMTZDcMfJUnwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写意——只写物象的大意，用笔简练流畅，笔墨自然，不用色的写意画，又称“水墨画”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N2akdo4cKoa46sxgbH3ciPnZnjg"},,"attrs":{"height":418,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7ab4a9407042489d9cfaee0597cf3fda","width":615},"text":"","id":"BQo2dWOSyoYiGmxUjBfcqRQInRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾勒着色——亦称“单线涂”。它用笔先勾出物象边线，中间用墨或用色涂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZysYd8QGWo8OMExoT1HcfN9RnPc"},,"attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f95bbf90a263427abe21e98eeaa39848","width":400},"text":"","id":"UIasduq0yo6scixyKIrc70Cxnag"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗细相间——亦称“兼工带写”。它比工笔要粗，比写意要工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUI0dyKScoIwgyxU7QKctpDYnYe"},,"attrs":{"height":1159,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b6a43c83c5f499892d8fd5bd085b460","width":640},"text":"","id":"B0mQdgwuQoYMOMxe07FcgU7bn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗中有细——如花草画得粗，但绕花飞动的小虫、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等则画得很细。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VyI6dEeaqomQA8xoLb3cX0W0nZc"},,"attrs":{"height":549,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c53e5df871044d9ae06de6690b34c71","width":375},"text":"","id":"KC8udSOq0oSQamxqaGYcoVLVnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没骨法——一般不用墨线勾轮廓。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIcgdQw0GoCQEgxCYzvcFE7tn6b"},,"attrs":{"height":895,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa45b0531e1b4882906302a75b418c63","width":640},"text":"","id":"B2uUdW2qKoQwKwxIrOncf7K8ntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泼墨法——是没骨法的扩展，用大块墨色，再运用自然形成的浓淡，加上较细的笔道，有的地方还露出飞白，这样才见精神。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RA4OdWIE4oi62mxIphHcLLZPnMd"},,"attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c449c22ed9db49f7a92b956127ca3ae5","width":640},"text":"","id":"ZEk0d022wokGukxYjuhcpaJ9npd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"界画——一部或大部分用直尺画墨线组成的画，主要表现庄严雄韦的建筑物，如宫殿、庙宇、楼阁、亭台、水榭等，以及整齐的家具陈设等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xw66dUWu6oQqwmxoNoWcZ5Cnn3e"},,"attrs":{"height":658,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔墨表现形式","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/39e9f26ad9df4720b0dccf043134bf3d","width":658},"text":"","id":"FgGydEcwiossIYxCJf6cOqtUnmI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IekIdUsMcosIAAxSoM5cNlxzn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"设色即六法中的“随类赋彩”。不同的色彩赋不同的感情，画家往往用色彩来表达他的感情。画常用的颜色有墨、藤黄、石黄、土黄、胭脂、洋红、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青（可分青、二青、三青等三种）、石绿（也分绿、二绿、三绿等三种），等。但基本颜色红、黄、蓝三种，即洋红、藤黄和花青。把上面的颜色加以配合，可以调出许多种颜色来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FaAodeGyooCYAyxMn81cG5NFnhr"},,"attrs":{"height":1200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"设色","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/538d351861514acb9ac7514b0dcda515","width":800},"text":"","id":"PyAkdqAMyo4Ai2xyaQEclA37nKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WcGidW0WCoGAGExqglEcvp1tn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即对形象勾线或不勾线，完全用墨的浓淡来表现的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅为佳，因它用浓墨的面积不宜过大、过多，因为重墨多易使画面产生沉浊之感，但亦不能淡而失神，要使浓淡相宜，才具有清新神韵的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiGodSk2eoM288xVE7Ic9tbcnxf"},,"attrs":{"height":493,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a6860a91fc0444f3b6688f5dbf80bdb3","width":524},"text":"","id":"CguEdamw0o8gmCx4rEwcVs2Unqb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZgwadAyWioOiQixqigXc1jJgn9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔花鸟画中配彩法的一种。即先墨彩的方法把对象画到分，然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不碍墨、墨不离色，既能融合一，又能显示墨的韵味，才能产生一种淡雅、朴素的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IaucdcImyoKUwsxQP8ccHfl2nkd"},,"attrs":{"height":463,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"淡彩","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/41fe9b515ef54a3da7b98adaf6d0a955","width":640},"text":"","id":"Q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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8cqdYAKYoKO28x4MBDc3GIanNe"},,"attrs":{"height":487,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"重彩","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/763fe3f55b10419ab0b5788a953e50d3","width":491},"text":"","id":"Wg0adkugComCEKxNRcdNhvnAf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"线描","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DOo4dCiayo8SMwxeO9Ycv4U7nme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"民族绘画的主要造型段。是构成画民族风格的一个要素。线描是运用线的轻重、浓淡、粗细、方圆、转折、顿挫、虚实、长短、干湿、刚柔、疾徐等不同的笔法来表现物象的积、形态、质感、量感和运动感的一种方法。它不着颜色，有时可有一些淡墨来略加渲染，具有的表现形式和造型规律，并富有韵味。用线的变化，要与造型的形式美紧密相连。其线或刚健、或婀娜、或轻灵、或凝重，由于用笔多变遂产生极为丰富的感觉。画用线造型的历史悠久，通过历代画家的长期实践和不断地创造，积累了大量的极为丰富的线描技法经验，画人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VuwSdgy8QoiuEQxWfQ7cEN6sn66"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用线描来造型的特点是清晰、简练、富有装饰性，可以地刻划各种现象，表现出千变万化的各种物象的新的生命。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAuWdO04yoo66SxWqGlcUIqMn0b"},,"attrs":{"height":725,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线描","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d5798f6f71eb41f6961cd2daddf656a4","width":581},"text":"","id":"HuIgdesUKouG0OxslVicyP2PnTd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DO8qdswg4oOmIKxchB0clfHtnyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画中完全用线条来表现物象的称“白描”。白描有单勾和复勾两种。用线一次成的单勾。单勾有用一色墨勾成的，也有根据不同对象用浓淡两种墨勾成的，例如花用淡墨勾，叶用浓墨勾。复勾是先用淡墨全部勾好，然后根据表情况决定复勾一部分或全部。复勾的线不能依原路的线刻板地重迭地勾一道。复勾的目的，是加重质感和浓淡的变化，使物象显得更有神彩。复勾的线必须流畅自然，更受原线路的约束，否则复勾的线很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、积、质感等关系就靠线条来表现，从某咱意义上说来，它比别的画法更不易掌握。白描要特别注意“朴素简洁”、“概括明确”的特点。在构图上的取舍力求单纯，对虚实、疏密要偏重于对比较强烈的安排，层次要分明，在线的处理上要带有装饰性、旋律性，碎乱、呆板、松散等毛病。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VgiGdMa4wouaKaxsvefcpHYznEC"},,"attrs":{"height":1025,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"白描","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8381750d01824193bcccd16eceb4163c","width":708},"text":"","id":"GgKedkqsAouqy0xyl8lckvFznpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"刘公华白描仕女图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUUedwEMYoyKmGx5YnBcszIPnyK"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KeWudmeuAooYmgxF6AccWkZWnJH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画表现技法之一。早期山水画的主要表现法，是以线条勾勒轮廓，然后敷色。随着绘画的发展，为了表现山石树木的脉络纹路和（凸凹），因地质的结构不同，表现在山岳的外形上也各不相同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HcQ4dgmQsomiUux05AmcqsMLnS6"},,"attrs":{"height":1215,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/76985dc552b247529e286cda5a55b53b","width":614},"text":"","id":"Ju8udkKcUogGUMx8S0WcqwepnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"石涛深山秋水图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MMoId6GyUoKWicxuqb1cPOHMnze"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"皴法的种类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SIeUdE0okouyYOxAnY1cdmS9nig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有（1）披麻皴、（2）乱麻皴、（3）芝麻皴、（4）大斧劈、（5）小斧劈皴、（6）卷云皴、（7）雨点皴（雨雪皴）、（8）弹涡皴、（9）荷叶皴、（10）矾皴、（11）骷髅皴、（12）鬼皮皴、（13）解索皴、（14）、乱柴皴、（15）牛毛皴、（16）马牙皴、（17）斫皴、（18）点错皴；（19）豆瓣皴、（20）刺梨皴（豆瓣皴之变）、（21）皴、（22）折带皴、（23）泥里拨钉皴、（24）拖泥带水皴、（25）金碧皴、（26）没骨皴、（27）直擦皴、（28）横擦皴等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aq8cdKc4koa2y4xKM2ec7Hkhn9g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WecAdyeUoosiWUxqSyac6C5mnwq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古人说“墨即是色”，浓淡水墨可代替各种色彩。用墨要有浓淡干湿，只干不湿太瘠枯，只湿不干太臃肿，浓淡干湿结合起来，变化多，生动而有气韵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QMi4de24moCG0oxARHscb9KmnOe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用墨之法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IgmadOW2moWgmSxigdwcGcXjnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般有焦墨、积墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一种磨得极浓的墨，用焦墨的旁边须有浓淡墨为之晕浑，否则焦墨孤立，难见笔意。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fi2gdm4mAoSkcmxykHQcLEEwnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"积墨：用浓墨和淡墨连敷几次，有一种深厚的味道。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IKKodqUCqoWQYoxYtZucbZJxngd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"破墨：先用淡墨上纸，趁湿用湿墨加上，化出奇纱的韵味。拧在纸上捺转，略似鱼鳞，由浓渐淡，参差不齐，谓之擂墨。所以用墨和用笔不分不开的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FeUYdII6Ao8CyixWYQWcTIm7nKb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"用笔六要","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AkWSdUyk2oeqaaxgxMycxtGnnqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一要自然有力，切忌呆滞。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MgwUdEmQCoy24OxywMqccv1fnpq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二要变化而有联系，要将粗、细、浓、淡、长、短、横、直、干、湿、轻、重根据物象参差需用，既有变化，还要互相联系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IkEwdOiwIoC6i6xGeifcbRuwnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三要苍老而滋润，苍老就显出含蓄的笔力，用笔光滑就显得雅嫩，过于苍老亦易枯燥，故须在苍老中滋润，也就是干湿并用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KK0WdaUqIoCQ0AxGFHFcgL2Hn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四要松灵而凝炼，松灵比自然更进一步，要活泼轻松有生趣，切忌油滑、轻浮，轻松之中要有重厚，凝练是一笔画去到尽端有锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PC6QdsqcYo4YC0xdCi4chTaPnJN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五要刚柔相济，即在轻柔中有骨力。所谓“线棉裹铁”才能稳厚，刚健的锋中要参以巧运，“扛鼎中有妩媚。”故一笔中要能刚健婀娜兼有之。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCiAd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不熟的纸可以画一些兼工带写。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Laq0dqaaqoIYEAxAZX9cyXQFnQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画的细分科按形式分，工笔，写意；工笔讲究“工”，用笔细致，需要细细勾勒渲染的；写意讲“意”，用笔洒脱，以形写神，一笔到位。按题材分，人物、花鸟、山水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ye2WdaUC8ocwCMxUbkecu2EMn"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PQkedcOaeo8wOgxMHXlcvaoqnrg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工笔画步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BK62dmyuwoQgasxk5kPcde9Znad"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"起稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSaGdY4MkoYumKxQrc6cLMTWnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可用铅笔在图画纸上对临起稿，或直接拷贝临本，用HB铅笔将画稿拷贝到绢或熟宣纸上，铅笔线要轻、淡。也可直接把画稿拷贝到白纸上，特别是用绢画时，这样可以避免画稿变形，铅笔线以绷稿后看清为准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIOIdasY6oCeMgxczSWce5Kin1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"也可以去买个拷贝台，把起好的稿子或印的图纸放在拷贝台上，再把熟宣/绢蒙在上面拷贝，这样拷贝的图精确度稍高一点。画熟练了就可以直接用勾线笔上墨线了！","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGoUdMIw6o4mYMxs9mNcwU02nyf"},,"attrs":{"height":328,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"起稿","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7aba240186f8415c8d23212c2288a6cb","width":430},"text":"","id":"S0ukdeec6ouMEaxcJ7NcRRGznke"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MSaQdMKqsoU8ssxQl1NccVmLn0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要求：先在画板上裱贴一张白纸，待干后将绢或熟宣纸绷到画板上。具绷绢步骤可以看这个：如何绷娟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YIOadU4W4ocGu4xCWWacelN0nQb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所需材料：图钉、浆糊、水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OAmIdEwIGo8uwWxKCh9cARXNnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先，把框子装好，然后把绢放在框子上摆好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Jcsideqeyoq84mxYDW9c7Cm7nUf"},,"attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/378593985d7247548856177840db930a","width":480},"text":"","id":"Vs4Idym8EoAi2wxySmjcMZ9Dn3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、然后，在绢的一按上图钉，另一边喷水，慢慢展开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DeQadQaO4o80omxSs4fciWqqnMh"},,"attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b1a16ddf74a4581ae2542b99476eca3","width":481},"text":"","id":"AA4wd6u26oe4uAxop4icQyLLn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、喷湿后慢慢调整，差不多了可以涂浆糊，继续调整。不要特别紧，因为绢干了也会收缩，另外绢本身有织的纹路，拉扯变形了就不好了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IIiadA4Imoag4CxYzaUcg3edn0e"},,"attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c3aca1c113154a26834550f9c1291912","width":480},"text":"","id":"FCMGd8AOuomKYUxoXzSc0qtAnMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、然后把最后一条边涂上浆糊，折好。绢的外部也可以再涂一层浆糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQmSdGaWsoWge4x2f42cKwZPnTs"},,"attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f51fbc4baf2c48339a3079c61f5a8d1f","width":480},"text":"","id":"L8iWdksMYoGuAqxKACicnZ2ZnGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、等干了就可以上色了，看看效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LiusdcoyioMmkSxMN6Ic6ICMnAf"},,"attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"绷稿","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/362b1268ea24474b89ef9f5bc354a337","width":481},"text":"","id":"UK6gduis8oq80MxGWorcK09Qn2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项：","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HkwudGAwyoO8W2xM1eqcDB0QnRW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、草稿：使用铅笔草稿，纸张不要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AmUudeWY8ogEmkxwjK8c9DAnnTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、过稿：将草稿放置在拷贝台上，上面覆一层熟宣，使用勾线笔（花枝俏、小叶筋等均可）将画稿勾在宣纸上，这样的作品称为白描。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCIOdOeuyoU8Aex2rXxc6SNKnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、渲：在画好的草稿上用墨来表现画面的明暗，方法是：使用两支较大的笔（一般为大白云）一支蘸墨，一支蘸水，先点墨，在墨没干之前用水渲开，造成一个自然的过渡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VE4mdMuk8oeK22xkhvzchoEKnWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、染：方法和渲的步骤差不多，不过使用的是国画颜料，这一步较为麻烦。为了让色彩更加均匀厚实，一般要进行多次，有“三矾九染”之说。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LGGcdsoO2ou4AqxKgWKcFxtGnvc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGQIdkIiyoc8scxkPECcFZCOnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线的用笔方法分为中锋和侧锋，工笔人物画中以中锋为主。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YYAKdKosaiixAj2hc4zD0n7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中锋：中锋即锥形毛笔笔尖在毛笔的运行过程中，始终处在用笔的中心位置。中锋用笔是画用笔方法的首要特征。其特点是：笔力饱满，内涵丰富。外柔内刚，极富表现力。中锋线圆润、浑厚、匀整，并且有弹性。也要注意墨线的浓墨变化，适当时加入清水调试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WKqEdcMQAo4ao6xOWWLcyBZNn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋：侧锋的执笔是把笔管横卧或倾斜。与纸成各种角度，笔尖不在墨线中间，笔尖在墨线一侧，并出现飞白的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CCWwdu2U6oksu6xo1pCcaYTRnWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾线用笔的起止很重要，每一条线无论长短都必须有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。要求“起笔藏锋、运笔中锋、收笔锋”，这是线描的主要技法要点。画人物和花鸟都需要了解勾线技巧。","id":""}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"id":""}],"text":"","id":"CiaodA4U4oCKq4xwltIccakdnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④最后用长锋羊毫笔调藤黄加三绿。淡淡地染上花色。趁湿用藤黄调朱磦底点花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立感，又要注意花色的洁净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCMydgQG8oeUgaxQp5qcPqcTnSl"},,"attrs":{"height":236,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花球画法","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ac45985132384544afb5399603c1fd77","width":236},"text":"","id":"TM42decykoI4W8xApRncKFk4nre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FO4cdKaukooSxmBUJcAc6Vnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用大号斗笔浸些清水，又挤去笔肚里过多的水分，乘湿蘸上墨，稍微在调色盆里调合一下。注意不要调得太\"熟\"，使笔肚中含的墨色浓淡不匀方好。这时开始顺笔画叶子，随画又要蘸点水，使画上去的几片叶子既有浓淡的变化，又有滋润丰厚的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Veemd4ImyoUwQmxasXvcXA2engd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②淡墨中锋勾出枇杷轮廓，注意用笔的圆正，以表现枇杷果实的立感。接着用浓墨画完枝干。待叶子略干，换一支叶筋笔蘸上浓墨趁潮在叶子上勾出叶脉。勾叶脉时，笔端要稍干些，可用废纸把笔上蘸的墨吸去少许后再勾。前后几片叶子的叶脉要分浓淡，故画后面叶子时，可调点清水后去画，但注意笔端仍须稍干，以免漫糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OQYwdoa4CoYkkAxUfhQcUh4JnOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③等枇杷的墨色已干，用一支干净的羊毫笔蘸藤黄调点朱磦上枇杷圆形的结构用笔，以表现枇把的立感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FgUcdMGIKoqycyxwbZ4c3oManoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④趁色尚湿，用浓墨点上果蒂。果蒂要点得稍大，用笔稍重，使笔尖稍微叉开，以表现枇杷蒂毛茸茸的质感。最后用调进少许藤黄的淡螺青点染枝干，加上苔点，使画面更丰富完整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QcUkdsaKMogc4sxgxmocfKaGnyc"},,"attrs":{"height":595,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷画法","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fbc94dd7d05946a5a087ec26ddde8828","width":640},"text":"","id":"FS6odSgGwom02Ax4KgXcV66Ynqe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"玉兰画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BOgydC2Ceoq2aOxEZCbcVQ0yn6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先画花瓣:用长锋小狼毫笔调淡墨色花瓣。墨色要洁净，用笔要爽快。为表现玉兰花瓣比较厚重的白色，可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之际，再在瓣尖上加上小小的两点浓墨。接着用短锋大羊毫笔调淡墨染花底，染时要见笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SC8ede0ueo2GGWxSqt8cE0Vpnxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②趁湿用短锋狼毫蘸浓墨点花蕊，花蕊的墨色会在刚染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍渗开。又用长锋大狼毫蘸浓墨画主干。用墨要稍干，用笔要苍劲，使枝干与洁白圆润的花瓣产生强烈的对比。然后再蘸清水化成次浓墨画横卧着的另一组枝干，画时要注意整幅画面的气势。趁湿再用浓墨点苔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOsGdUIUMoqaMKxqOOgcAyMynPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③接着调淡墨画花蕾和花托。画花蕾不要强调与主花冠的呼应，还应配合整幅画的全局气势。花蕾与枝干的连接要合理，要符合玉兰的生长规律。④趁湿赶紧在花托上用小狼毫笔蘸浓墨点绒毛斑点。这一步要十分注意水分的的掌握，不能等干了再画，否则无论如何也画不出花托绒毛这种茸茸的感觉。最后点苔收拾整理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkeQdCaSwouOk6xoW0kcVwa0nzP"},,"attrs":{"height":717,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"玉兰画法","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/70141db5b5444287897af0b72f516de5","width":658},"text":"","id":"ZyqAdMIEcoE82oxeGJqczMHcnkh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐临摹书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XyMgdWQ8GoCWMgx2xGhcp96BnAd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PYkWdaQAy28xgv52cNhuknxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"董源《潇湘图》、巨然《万壑松风图》、李成《寒林野图》、范宽《溪山行旅图》、郭熙《早春图》、李唐《万壑松风图》、马远《踏歌图》《寒江独钓》、夏圭《溪山清远图》、黄公望《富春山居图》、倪瓒、吴镇《渔父图》、王蒙《青卞隐居图》、沈周、石涛、査士标。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOWSdowekogEIix6GP2chtjnnRg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ReUudquCYoKKs4xxjqhcEJpnntu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"恽寿、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金农、法常、赵孟頫、管道升、王冕、赵之谦、齐白石等画家的花鸟作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ey8YdwGaco8KaAxkN50c1DV9nDg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc2WdQo0Mo0CG8xOqMmceT8Andg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陈洪绶等画家作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BG0adIKiUoWqIExItVjcgbmDn5e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"习步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WSMcdYyqsoQIKIxkRXtcfGHAnQg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Js2YduoM8GkxSwqOcSdLXnHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹是习画技法的一种便捷方法，对范画可以先局部临摹，也叫分解练习，然后再临摹整幅作品，这样可以得深秀。临摹尽量要象，“察之者尚精，拟之者贵似”，要通过临摹会其造型方法、用笔方法、墨色变化等。临摹整幅作品时再会构图特点、主次虚实关系、层次关系、呼应关系、色调变化等等。从临摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再试着进行变化和创造，心中就有数了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UW2Gd6MC4og2ysxeDe6c07Z1nZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹的目的是习、借鉴他人的技法。临摹与写生相较，写生为主，临摹为次，写生是源，临摹是流。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOMcdAw6SoeC2SxWKG8cTYfhnZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临，把画放在桌上，对着画。摹，则是用一张透明的薄纸盖在画上，用笔墨描摹。摹画也叫拓画。临摹要犯“结壳”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“结壳”，即是习古人或老师的技法，而被之，不能变化、发展。“游魂”，就是东一点，西一点，浅尝辄止，不能融会贯通。“附影子”，即只能依赖前人的稿子或一家一派的门户，一离开，便难行，作不出画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fim4dg20oowmIcxkNl5csVeGnlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹要和默写结合起来，画的创作方法很重视默写。提高默写能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特点和规律及运笔用墨的规律。因此，临摹一定要认真会。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CgUMdQCIIoOiEWxAJzYczDdSnfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结合临摹时要注意多欣赏名家名作，可以欣赏品味，此外还要多参观画展，汲取各家之长，开阔眼界，开拓思路，丰富技法段，提高修养。在观摩和习时可记录一下构图、技法特点、题款内容和自己的感受。只要认真扎实地习，肯定会有大的进步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QEiWdqegIoGA80xoxIYcCiKynbf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写生","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqsodmYiWomCWQx4LWMcPVoonlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过写生可以进一步了解自然山水、花鸟和结构及动态规律，可以大量搜集创作素材，锻炼造型能力，进一步丰富知识和绘画技巧，在大自然中得到新鲜的感受。这是提高绘画创作水的重要环节。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QkA6doU0woyEmExo5hTcsguansf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写生之前要多观察、多分析。写生的工具不必过于讲究，铅笔、钢笔、毛笔都可以，纸张随便，关键是要画得严肃、认真。写生的过程就是习、观察大自然的过程，达到搜集创作素材提高创作能力的目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ewc6dMWgQoy8WqxQvoDcsrm1nsg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画外功","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OsMadsGGIoAGooxu8FicBpBrnne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"与绘画技巧相适应，还需具备多方面的知识。如书法技巧和文修养都需作相应的提高。这是培养审美观念、增进鉴别能力的基础。多读书（、散文、诗歌及绘画理论都需要读）、勤练书法才能满足习绘画的要求。练习书法不是为了适应题字落款的需要，更重要的是书法也是国画的基本功。要通过练习书法，提高笔线的表现能力，加强墨晕的风骨，以书入画格趣自然更高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0Kyd4kmOo62a0xWcA9c32I4nkc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PkmMd6gMOoQMAKx68D5cK7NTnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初国画不必急于创作，应先在以上三方面下扎实的基础，苦练基本功。有了一定的基础后，可以慢慢试着进行创作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Km0WdaMUSoOkEmxEFcYc7SI6nge"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创作阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KsYedIIIwoOG0qx4QbAcZcoqn6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阶段可以参考资料，借助别人作品的造型或笔墨技法，按照自己的创作意图去试着创作。这个阶段也叫初级阶段。通过这一阶段可以初步摸索到创作方面的规律。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LousdUKsioguiWxCI8icx3a7n9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二阶段，待掌握了一定的技法之后，便可以较地进行创作。这一阶段是巩固和灵活运用技法阶段，通过这个阶段的练习，可使技法更熟练，构图变化更丰富。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GsUEdia80o0UAmxglY1c5Bt0nVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三阶段——成熟阶段。技法的成熟的标志不是按照一个模式的纯熟，而是根据不同意境、感觉、情趣的要求不断变化技法，现出随机应变、运用自如而又不断创新。这一阶段的追求是情趣的表现及创作内涵的深化，是既有“法”度而又不为法度所。以法作画，千篇一律，以情作画，变化万千。这是高超的技法和高深修养的结合，是我们追求的目的。初者只要得法，用功，是会达到这一目标的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2Yidsk0Qo4uusx0Uc3fdhnDb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"国画素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XqkMd6Iw0oGOKmxS2A0ccrf9nNd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鸟素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAcgdqymqo0cwmxMNqYcwbzcnHe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ic2sdiyiGoyIQGxqig3cjXhvnJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸淡墨勾画竹叶，用相同的笔法画出三片为一组的竹叶。依次增加叶子，注意竹叶方向、大小等要有变化，下笔时两轻中间重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N0EAdqC8OocWk2xs3FOcweOQnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、淡墨勾画竹子的主干，待半干后浓墨勾画竹节。最后用淡墨勾画竹子的分支。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QY8CdaWS4oyEsGxWwnfcQJ7lnrg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KIEydWUuSo2MAMxIBXqcQF5Vn5g"},,"attrs":{"height":1046,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57b120661ae14a249184b70caefe0637","width":942},"text":"","id":"EMGcdWuSWo4uAgxScaJcXYWunYe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NgQIdQCUkoQUqexiAZYc5VcznHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红画花瓣，依次增加花瓣。画出整朵花，注意整朵花的形状要错落有变。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZmACdYek4oY4OgxEzb2cijGznCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、整笔蘸粉色，笔尖蘸曙红点出花苞，画出左右相邻的小花瓣。最后用淡绿色加胭脂画出花尊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XI4YduoICoCgGKxY56zcZsD6nLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、整笔蘸淡绿色，笔尖蘸淡墨侧锋画出整组牡丹叶子。浓墨勾叶筋，墨绿加胭脂画枝条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y6COd0E22oy0M4xCoDDchRc8ncc"},,"attrs":{"height":1008,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a34c7a92de164ab5afa43fe2540e4c7c","width":900},"text":"","id":"QCeAdCKc6o6Q88xIJJHcwtrRnwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BS8IdQUY8o2U0mxQzETcc5E3nac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸赭石加淡墨侧锋点出鸟的部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅。浓墨点斑纹、飞羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴，最后以淡墨画胸腹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KWysdguSmommQsxohsBcIzMBn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、赭石加淡墨侧锋画出部，中锋画背羽，侧锋画上下翅，浓墨画嘴，点眼睛。淡墨画胸腹，浓墨点斑纹、飞羽和尾羽，浓墨中锋画腿，浓墨画爪子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T6Sgd2WcWoUCoUxWm6uc18LBnyg"},,"attrs":{"height":700,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3b44f13174b6450895843821a3888870","width":1080},"text":"","id":"R8UGd4Os4ooUisx6Bb8ccnJXn0b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"小鸡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TQU8dwweaoAMSWxCexxcwsjAnff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸中墨侧锋画出部，侧锋点出翅膀，随后用干墨勾画尾部。浓墨画嘴和眼睛，淡墨画和大腿，待半干时用浓墨勾画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TA8Gdm6swoqaOixIdv4chr7knEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type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